Lexicon Leponticum - User contributions [en]

kuimpalui

2026-02-03T06:14:56Z

David Stifter: /* Commentary */

{{word
|status=uncertain
|type_word=proper noun
|stem_class=o
|number=sg.
|case=dat.
|gender=masc.
|language=Celtic
|linguistic_ascription=perhaps
|analysis_morphemic={{m|kom-}}{{m|u̯imp-|u̯imp}}{{m|-al-|-al}}{{m|-ūi̯}} (?)
|analysis_phonemic=/{{p|k}}{{p|u}}{{p|u̯}}{{p|i}}{{p|m}}{{p|p}}{{p|a}}{{p|l}}{{p|ūi̯}}/ (?)
|meaning='for the son of Kuimpos'
|field_semantic=patronymic
|checklevel=0
}}
==Commentary==
See the inscription page on the uncertain reading.

Patronym derived with suffix {{m||-al-}} in the dative. If the underlying personal name ''kuimpos'' is Celtic, it could have either preserved /{{p||kᵂ|ku̯}}/ ({{bib|Eska 2006}}: 232, n. 7; also {{bib|Eska & Evans 2009}}: 36), or rare /{{p||gᵂ|gu̯}}/ < PIE *''gu̯h'', but neither option generates any obvious etymologies in the present case. As noted by {{bib|Stifter 2003}}: 240 f., initial ⟨quV⟩ in Continental Celtic names could reflect /kuu̯V/ and be amenable to a segmentation into {{m||kom-}} 'with' + second element with initial /{{p||u̯}}/, in that /kuu̯V/- < /kou̯V/- with assimilated /{{p||m}}/ and /{{p||o}}/; this is especially true for the Lepontic alphabet, where letters are not repeated, so that /u̯u/ and /uu̯/ are regularly ⟨u⟩ in writing (cf. {{w||teu}}, and {{w||kualui}} as per {{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: 68 f.). {{bib|Delamarre 2007}}: 78 accordingly analyses names in ⟨cuat⟩- (e.g. {{bib|CIL}} XIII 5510 {{tr|lat|cuatasius}}) as ''ko''(''m'')-''u̯at''- (with ''u̯ati''- 'prophet' / ''u̯atu''- 'prophecy'; cf. {{w||kuaśoni}}). Applying this method to ''kuimpos'', an analysis as ''kuu̯impos'' < ''ko''(''m'')-''u̯impos'' with second element
{{m||u̯imp-|u̯impo-}} 'pretty' may be feasible (but see the inscription page on the spelling ⟨mp⟩). David Stifter (p.c.) observes that Gaul. {{m||u̯imp-|u̯impo-}}, without clear IE cognates so far, could be reconstructed with anlauting /{{p||gᵂ|gu̯}}/ *''gu̯impo''-, in which case the anlaut could be reflected in ''kuimpalui'' before #/{{p||gᵂ|gu̯}}/ > #/{{p||u̯}}/ in Gaulish. Alternatively, of course, ''kuimpos'' may not be etymologically Celtic – names borrowed from sub- or adstrate languages must be expected (cf. e.g. {{w||teromui}}, {{w||sapsutai}}).

See {{bib|Salomon 2024}}: 152, {{bib|Salomon 2024b}}: 29 f.
[[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]]
{{bibliography}}

GR·1

2025-02-23T19:26:19Z

David Stifter: /* Commentary */

{{inscription
|reading=ualaunal!]ualaunal / raneni!]raṇeni
|reading_lepontic=]{{c|U||d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|L||d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|U||d}}{{c|N|N3|d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|L||d}} ]{{c|R||d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|N|N3|d}}{{c|E|E2|d}}{{c|N|N3|d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|space||d}}
|reading_variant=]ualaunal / {{w|raueni|]raụeni}} ]{{c||U|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c||L|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c||U|d}}{{c||N3|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c||L|d}} ]{{c||R|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c|U|U12|d}}{{c||E2|d}}{{c||N3|d}}{{c||I|d}}
|direction=dextroverse
|letter_height_min=10 cm
|letter_height_max=13.3 cm
|letter_number_min=14
|word_number=2
|line_number=2
|corpus=Cisalpine Celtic
|script=North Italic script
|alphabet=Lepontic alphabet
|object=GR·1 Mesocco
|position=front
|orientation=270
|frame_left=none
|frame_middle=between
|frame_right=none
|workmanship=carved
|condition=unknown
|type_inscription=funerary
|language=Celtic
|meaning=unknown
|whatmough=255
|tibiletti_bruno=19
|solinas=19
|motta=12
|morandi=1
|source_detail=Morandi 2004: 519 f.
|checklevel=1
|problem=Jecklin PID, Pauli?
}}
==Commentary==
First published in {{bib|Planta 1885}}: 176. Examined for LexLep on 27th September 2021.

Images in {{bib|Planta 1885}}: 176 (drawing = {{bib|Danielsson 1909}}: 30), {{bib|Tagliabue 1893}}: fig. no. 2 (drawing = {{bib|Giussani 1902}}: 40, fig. 10), {{bib|Rhŷs 1913}}: pl. V (photo), {{bib|Risch 1970}}: Taf. 4.2 (photo), {{bib|Crivelli 1973b}}: tav. 8, fig. 17 (drawing), {{bib|Risch 1984}}: 27, Abb. 7 (drawing = {{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1585, fig. 5) and 35, Abb. 17 (photo = {{bib|Risch 1992}}: 683, Abb. 4.2), {{bib|Morandi 1991}}: 210, tav. XXI (photo = {{bib|Solinas 1995}}: tav. LXIIIb = {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: tav. V.1) and 211, tav. XXII (drawing), {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: 525, fig. 8.1 (drawing), {{bib|Stifter 2020}}: 28, fig. 19 (photo).

The inscription is complete in both lines at the bottom, where a substantial uninscribed piece of stone (10 cm in line 1, 24 cm in line 2 according to Whatmough), today covered by a plinth, shows that no letters followed after {{w||ualaunal}} (the line running down the middle between the two lines also ends below final lambda). The upper end of the stela has a breaking edge; it is not clear whether text was lost. As observed by Whatmough, traces are visible below the edge in both lines (see the drawing), but they may be due to surface damage. The letters are well legible and unambiguous, except the third letter in line 2, where an engraving mistake appears to have happenend. All elements of nu are present, but in addition a curved and clearly intentional line extends the second bar toward the bottom of the hasta. It seems possible that the writer mistakenly engraved nu, then corrected to upsilon as elegantly as possible (cf. {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 152). (The other way around, as suggested by Whatmough, is not feasible.) The lower bar of the third alpha in line 1 is curved and extended to the bottom line. The second bar of nu is almost vertical in all instances.

After Planta in the original publication and Lattes apud {{bib|Tagliabue 1893}}: 109 considered the inscription Etruscan, {{bib|Kretschmer 1905}}: 105 f. discusses the salient problems of the inscription's analysis: -''al'' in {{w||ualaunal}} is reminiscent of the Lepontic patronymic suffix {{m||-al-|-alo-}}, but 1. why is there no ending? and 2. if {{w||ualaunal}} is the patronym, why does it come before the putative individual name {{w||raneni}}? {{bib|Danielsson 1909}}: 29–31 suggests that the lines should be read bottom to top, and that – {{w||raneni}} being interpreted as a genitive – the genitive ending was dropped in the (now) second form: ''raneni ualaunal''(''i'') '(grave) of Ranenos son of Ualaunos'. This solution is supported by {{bib|Rhŷs 1913}}: 31 f., no. 2, {{bib|Jacobsohn 1927}}: 31, no. 207, and Whatmough {{bib|PID}} 255. {{bib|Terracini 1927}}: 146 and {{bib|Thurneysen 1933}}: 6 f., who consider Lepontic {{m||-al-|-alo-}} to be a loan of the Tyrsenian genitive II ending -''al'' (see the morpheme page), regard -''al'' in {{w||ualaunal}} as an attestation of the morpheme in Lepontic prior to its thematisation to {{m||-al-|-alo-}}. This theory took hold in the following years – cf. prominently {{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: 52 – but the analysis of {{w||raneni}} as a genitive is challenged by {{bib|Pisani 1964}}: 282 f., no. 119 G, who thinks that {{w||raneni}} is a feminine name in the nominative, and {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 152. The latter (also {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1975b|1975b}}: 50 and {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1981|1981}}: 174, no. 19) considers the morphology to be not so much archaic as outright Tyrsenian due to Etruscan/Raetic influence, and interprets {{w||ualaunal}} as a genitival metronym, {{w||raueni}} an Etruscan feminine name: 'Raueni daughter of Ualaunai'. (Similarly {{bib|Morandi 1991}}: 212 f., who interprets {{w||ualaunal}} as a gamonym.) The interpretation of -''al'' as a non-thematised form of patronymic {{m||-al-|-alo-}} is rejected by {{bib|Prosdocimi 1991}}: 164–166, who points out that, when taken in their order as in the document, the forms look like a name formula in the nominative with a genitival patronym in {{m||-ī}}: 'Ualaunal son of Ranenos'. This view is adopted by {{bib|Solinas 1995}}: 327, no. 19, {{bib|Eska & Wallace 2001}}: 230 f., and {{bib|Motta 2000}}: 206, no. 12; {{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1582 f., {{bib|De Hoz 1992}}: 324, {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: 519 f., no. 1, and {{bib|Stifter 2020}}: 28 (caption fig. 19) remain undecided. {{bib|Risch 1970}}: 130 (also {{bib|Risch 1984|1984}}: 29) voices doubts about the language being Celtic.

In summary, though the inscription is plausibly Celtic in terms of language material (see the word pages for possible etymologies), it must be considered unclear in terms of morphology; none of the analyses listed above is entirely convincing. Prosdocimi's analysis is preferable insofar as {{w||raneni}}, if it is Celtic, must be a genitive; genitive phrases being atypical for Lepontic grave stelae, in which the deceased's name usually stands in the dative, the form is more plausibly explained as a genitival patronym. Prosdocimi's ad-hoc explanation of {{w||ualaunal}} as an ''i''-stem with assimilated ending (see the word page), however, is not credible. While the possibility that letters are missing seems a convenient way around the problematic ending -''al'' (assuming that the word continued in line 2), the evidence of [[VB·26]] {{w||tunal}} / {{w||koimila}} indicates that -''al'' is in fact the ending. As pointed out by {{bib|Markey & Mees 2003}}: 143, the comparatively late dating of both documents with forms in -''al'' precludes the analysis of the morpheme as pre-thematised {{m||-al-|-alo-}}

See also {{bib|Giussani 1902}}: 40 f., no. 9, {{bib|Granucci 1975}}: 231.
[[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]]
{{bibliography}}

GR·1

2025-02-23T19:24:28Z

David Stifter: /* Commentary */

{{inscription
|reading=ualaunal!]ualaunal / raneni!]raṇeni
|reading_lepontic=]{{c|U||d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|L||d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|U||d}}{{c|N|N3|d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|L||d}} ]{{c|R||d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|N|N3|d}}{{c|E|E2|d}}{{c|N|N3|d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|space||d}}
|reading_variant=]ualaunal / {{w|raueni|]raụeni}} ]{{c||U|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c||L|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c||U|d}}{{c||N3|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c||L|d}} ]{{c||R|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c|U|U12|d}}{{c||E2|d}}{{c||N3|d}}{{c||I|d}}
|direction=dextroverse
|letter_height_min=10 cm
|letter_height_max=13.3 cm
|letter_number_min=14
|word_number=2
|line_number=2
|corpus=Cisalpine Celtic
|script=North Italic script
|alphabet=Lepontic alphabet
|object=GR·1 Mesocco
|position=front
|orientation=270
|frame_left=none
|frame_middle=between
|frame_right=none
|workmanship=carved
|condition=unknown
|type_inscription=funerary
|language=Celtic
|meaning=unknown
|whatmough=255
|tibiletti_bruno=19
|solinas=19
|motta=12
|morandi=1
|source_detail=Morandi 2004: 519 f.
|checklevel=1
|problem=Jecklin PID, Pauli?
}}
==Commentary==
First published in {{bib|Planta 1885}}: 176. Examined for LexLep on 27th September 2021.

Images in {{bib|Planta 1885}}: 176 (drawing = {{bib|Danielsson 1909}}: 30), {{bib|Tagliabue 1893}}: fig. no. 2 (drawing = {{bib|Giussani 1902}}: 40, fig. 10), {{bib|Rhŷs 1913}}: pl. V (photo), {{bib|Risch 1970}}: Taf. 4.2 (photo), {{bib|Crivelli 1973b}}: tav. 8, fig. 17 (drawing), {{bib|Risch 1984}}: 27, Abb. 7 (drawing = {{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1585, fig. 5) and 35, Abb. 17 (photo = {{bib|Risch 1992}}: 683, Abb. 4.2), {{bib|Morandi 1991}}: 210, tav. XXI (photo = {{bib|Solinas 1995}}: tav. LXIIIb = {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: tav. V.1) and 211, tav. XXII (drawing), {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: 525, fig. 8.1 (drawing), {{bib|Stifter 2020}}: 28, fig. 19 (photo).

The inscription is complete in both lines at the bottom, where a substantial uninscribed piece of stone (10 cm in line 1, 24 cm in line 2 according to Whatmough), today covered by a plinth, shows that no letters followed after {{w||ualaunal}} (the line running down the middle between the two lines also ends below final lambda). The upper end of the stela has a breaking edge; it is not clear whether text was lost. As observed by Whatmough, traces are visible below the edge in both lines (see the drawing), but they may be due to surface damage. The letters are well legible and unambiguous, except the third letter in line 2, where an engraving mistake appears to have happenend. All elements of nu are present, but in addition a curved and clearly intentional line extends the second bar toward the bottom of the hasta. It seems possible that the writer mistakenly engraved nu, then corrected to upsilon as elegantly as possible (cf. {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 152). (The other way around, as suggested by Whatmough, is not feasible.) The lower bar of the third alpha in line 1 is curved and extended to the bottom line. The second bar of nu is almost vertical in all instances.

After Planta in the original publication and Lattes apud {{bib|Tagliabue 1893}}: 109 considered the inscription Etruscan, {{bib|Kretschmer 1905}}: 105 f. discusses the salient problems of the inscription's analysis: -''al'' in {{w||ualaunal}} is reminiscent of the Lepontic patronymic suffix {{m||-al-|-alo-}}, but 1. why is there no ending? and 2. if {{w||ualaunal}} is the patronym, why does it come before the putative individual name {{w||raneni}}? {{bib|Danielsson 1909}}: 29–31 suggests that the lines should be read bottom to top, and that – {{w||raneni}} being interpreted as a genitive – the genitive ending was dropped in the (now) second form: ''raneni ualaunal''(''i'') '(grave) of Ranenos son of Ualaunos'. This solution is supported by {{bib|Rhŷs 1913}}: 31 f., no. 2, {{bib|Jacobsohn 1927}}: 31, no. 207, and Whatmough {{bib|PID}} 255. {{bib|Terracini 1927}}: 146 and {{bib|Thurneysen 1933}}: 6 f., who consider Lepontic {{m||-al-|-alo-}} to be a loan of the Tyrsenian genitive II ending -''al'' (see the morpheme page), regard -''al'' in {{w||ualaunal}} as an attestation of the morpheme in Lepontic prior to its thematisation to {{m||-al-|-alo-}}. This theory took hold in the following years – cf. prominently {{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: 52 – but the analysis of {{w||raneni}} as a genitive is challenged by {{bib|Pisani 1964}}: 282 f., no. 119 G, who thinks that {{w||raneni}} is a feminine name in the nominative, and {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 152. The latter (also {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1975b|1975b}}: 50 and {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1981|1981}}: 174, no. 19) considers the morphology to be not so much archaic as outright Tyrsenian due to Etruscan/Raetic influence, and interprets {{w||ualaunal}} as a genitival metronym, {{w||raueni}} an Etruscan feminine name: 'Raueni daughter of Ualaunai'. (Similarly {{bib|Morandi 1991}}: 212 f., who interprets {{w||ualaunal}} as a gamonym.) The interpretation of -''al'' as a non-thematised form of patronymic {{m||-al-|-alo-}} is rejected by {{bib|Prosdocimi 1991}}: 164–166, who points out that, when taken in their order as in the document, the forms look like a name formula in the nominative with a genitival patronym in {{m||-ī}}: 'Ualaunal son of Ranenos'. This view is adopted by {{bib|Solinas 1995}}: 327, no. 19, {{bib|Eska & Wallace 2001}}: 230 f., and {{bib|Motta 2000}}: 206, no. 12; {{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1582 f., {{bib|De Hoz 1992}}: 324, {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: 519 f., no. 1, and {{bib|Stifter 2020}}: 28 (caption fig. 19) remain undecided. {{bib|Risch 1970}}: 130 (also {{bib|Risch 1984|1984}}: 29) voices doubts about the language being Celtic.

In summary, though the inscription is plausibly Celtic in terms of language material (see the word pages for possible etymologies), it must be considered unclear in terms of morphology; none of the analyses listed above is entirely convincing. Prosdocimi's analysis is preferable insofar as {{w||raneni}}, if it is Celtic, must be a genitive; genitive phrases being atypical for Lepontic grave stelae, in which the deceased's name usually stands in the dative, the form is more plausibly explained as a genitival patronym. Prosdocimi's ad-hoc explanation of {{w||ualaunal}} as an ''i''-stem with assimilated ending (see the word page), however, is not credible. While the possibility that letters are missing seems a convenient way around the problematic ending -''al'' (assuming that the word continued in line 2), the evidence of [[VB·26]] {{w||tunal}} / {{w||koimila}} indicates that -''al'' is in fact the ending. As pointed out by {{bib|Markey & Mees 2003}}: 143, the comparatively low dating of both documents with forms in -''al'' precludes the analysis of the morpheme as pre-thematised {{m||-al-|-alo-}}

See also {{bib|Giussani 1902}}: 40 f., no. 9, {{bib|Granucci 1975}}: 231.
[[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]]
{{bibliography}}

GR·1

2025-02-23T19:23:46Z

David Stifter: /* Commentary */

{{inscription
|reading=ualaunal!]ualaunal / raneni!]raṇeni
|reading_lepontic=]{{c|U||d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|L||d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|U||d}}{{c|N|N3|d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|L||d}} ]{{c|R||d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|N|N3|d}}{{c|E|E2|d}}{{c|N|N3|d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|space||d}}
|reading_variant=]ualaunal / {{w|raueni|]raụeni}} ]{{c||U|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c||L|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c||U|d}}{{c||N3|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c||L|d}} ]{{c||R|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c|U|U12|d}}{{c||E2|d}}{{c||N3|d}}{{c||I|d}}
|direction=dextroverse
|letter_height_min=10 cm
|letter_height_max=13.3 cm
|letter_number_min=14
|word_number=2
|line_number=2
|corpus=Cisalpine Celtic
|script=North Italic script
|alphabet=Lepontic alphabet
|object=GR·1 Mesocco
|position=front
|orientation=270
|frame_left=none
|frame_middle=between
|frame_right=none
|workmanship=carved
|condition=unknown
|type_inscription=funerary
|language=Celtic
|meaning=unknown
|whatmough=255
|tibiletti_bruno=19
|solinas=19
|motta=12
|morandi=1
|source_detail=Morandi 2004: 519 f.
|checklevel=1
|problem=Jecklin PID, Pauli?
}}
==Commentary==
First published in {{bib|Planta 1885}}: 176. Examined for LexLep on 27th September 2021.

Images in {{bib|Planta 1885}}: 176 (drawing = {{bib|Danielsson 1909}}: 30), {{bib|Tagliabue 1893}}: fig. no. 2 (drawing = {{bib|Giussani 1902}}: 40, fig. 10), {{bib|Rhŷs 1913}}: pl. V (photo), {{bib|Risch 1970}}: Taf. 4.2 (photo), {{bib|Crivelli 1973b}}: tav. 8, fig. 17 (drawing), {{bib|Risch 1984}}: 27, Abb. 7 (drawing = {{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1585, fig. 5) and 35, Abb. 17 (photo = {{bib|Risch 1992}}: 683, Abb. 4.2), {{bib|Morandi 1991}}: 210, tav. XXI (photo = {{bib|Solinas 1995}}: tav. LXIIIb = {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: tav. V.1) and 211, tav. XXII (drawing), {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: 525, fig. 8.1 (drawing), {{bib|Stifter 2020}}: 28, fig. 19 (photo).

The inscription is complete in both lines at the bottom, where a substantial uninscribed piece of stone (10 cm in line 1, 24 cm in line 2 according to Whatmough), today covered by a plinth, shows that no letters followed after {{w||ualaunal}} (the line running down the middle between the two lines also ends below final lambda). The upper end of the stela has a breaking edge; it is not clear whether text was lost. As observed by Whatmough, traces are visible below the edge in both lines (see the drawing), but they may be due to surface damage. The letters are well legible and unambiguous, except the third letter in line 2, where an engraving mistake appears to have happenend. All elements of nu are present, but in addition a curved and clearly intentional line extends the second bar toward the bottom of the hasta. It seems possible that the writer mistakenly engraved nu, then corrected to upsilon as elegantly as possible (cf. {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 152). (The other way around, as suggested by Whatmough, is not feasible.) The lower bar of the third alpha in line 1 is curved and extended to the bottom line. The second bar of nu is almost vertical in all instances.

After Planta in the original publication and Lattes apud {{bib|Tagliabue 1893}}: 109 considered the inscription Etruscan, {{bib|Kretschmer 1905}}: 105 f. discusses the salient problems of the inscription's analysis: -''al'' in {{w||ualaunal}} is reminiscent of the Lepontic patronymic suffix {{m||-al-|-alo-}}, but 1. why is there no ending? and 2. if {{w||ualaunal}} is the patronym, why does it come before the putative individual name {{w||raneni}}? {{bib|Danielsson 1909}}: 29–31 suggests that the lines should be read bottom to top, and that – {{w||raneni}} being interpreted as a genitive – the genitive ending was dropped in the (now) second form: ''raneni ualaunal''(''i'') '(grave) of Ranenos son of Ualaunos'. This solution is supported by {{bib|Rhŷs 1913}}: 31 f., no. 2, {{bib|Jacobsohn 1927}}: 31, no. 207, and Whatmough {{bib|PID}} 255. {{bib|Terracini 1927}}: 146 and {{bib|Thurneysen 1933}}: 6 f., who consider Lepontic {{m||-al-|-alo-}} to be a loan of the Tysenian genitive II ending -''al'' (see the morpheme page), regard -''al'' in {{w||ualaunal}} as an attestation of the morpheme in Lepontic prior to its thematisation to {{m||-al-|-alo-}}. This theory took hold in the following years – cf. prominently {{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: 52 – but the analysis of {{w||raneni}} as a genitive is challenged by {{bib|Pisani 1964}}: 282 f., no. 119 G, who thinks that {{w||raneni}} is a feminine name in the nominative, and {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 152. The latter (also {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1975b|1975b}}: 50 and {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1981|1981}}: 174, no. 19) considers the morphology to be not so much archaic as outright Tyrsenian due to Etruscan/Raetic influence, and interprets {{w||ualaunal}} as a genitival metronym, {{w||raueni}} an Etruscan feminine name: 'Raueni daughter of Ualaunai'. (Similarly {{bib|Morandi 1991}}: 212 f., who interprets {{w||ualaunal}} as a gamonym.) The interpretation of -''al'' as a non-thematised form of patronymic {{m||-al-|-alo-}} is rejected by {{bib|Prosdocimi 1991}}: 164–166, who points out that, when taken in their order as in the document, the forms look like a name formula in the nominative with a genitival patronym in {{m||-ī}}: 'Ualaunal son of Ranenos'. This view is adopted by {{bib|Solinas 1995}}: 327, no. 19, {{bib|Eska & Wallace 2001}}: 230 f., and {{bib|Motta 2000}}: 206, no. 12; {{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1582 f., {{bib|De Hoz 1992}}: 324, {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: 519 f., no. 1, and {{bib|Stifter 2020}}: 28 (caption fig. 19) remain undecided. {{bib|Risch 1970}}: 130 (also {{bib|Risch 1984|1984}}: 29) voices doubts about the language being Celtic.

In summary, though the inscription is plausibly Celtic in terms of language material (see the word pages for possible etymologies), it must be considered unclear in terms of morphology; none of the analyses listed above is entirely convincing. Prosdocimi's analysis is preferable insofar as {{w||raneni}}, if it is Celtic, must be a genitive; genitive phrases being atypical for Lepontic grave stelae, in which the deceased's name usually stands in the dative, the form is more plausibly explained as a genitival patronym. Prosdocimi's ad-hoc explanation of {{w||ualaunal}} as an ''i''-stem with assimilated ending (see the word page), however, is not credible. While the possibility that letters are missing seems a convenient way around the problematic ending -''al'' (assuming that the word continued in line 2), the evidence of [[VB·26]] {{w||tunal}} / {{w||koimila}} indicates that -''al'' is in fact the ending. As pointed out by {{bib|Markey & Mees 2003}}: 143, the comparatively low dating of both documents with forms in -''al'' precludes the analysis of the morpheme as pre-thematised {{m||-al-|-alo-}}

See also {{bib|Giussani 1902}}: 40 f., no. 9, {{bib|Granucci 1975}}: 231.
[[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]]
{{bibliography}}

BI·1

2023-02-16T10:24:17Z

David Stifter:

{{inscription
|reading=lukios / sipionios
|reading_lepontic={{c|S}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|P||d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|O|O2|d}}{{c|N||d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|O|O6|d}}{{c|S}} {{c|L||d}}{{c|U||d}}{{c|K|K5|d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|O|O6|d}}{{c|S}}
|direction=dextroverse
|letter_height_min=0
|letter_number_min=15
|word_number=2
|line_number=2
|script=none
|object=BI·1 Cerrione
|position=front
|orientation=270
|workmanship=carved
|condition=complete
|type_inscription=funerary
|language=unknown
|analysis_syntactic=none
|meaning=unknown
|source_detail=Cresci Marrone & Solinas 2011: 90-103 (incl. fig. 84)
|checklevel=3
|problem=data incomplete, u.a. Buchstabenvarianten (O, K)
}}
Why not read it sipinios | lukios?
{{bibliography}}

Concordance

2023-02-01T15:31:25Z

David Stifter: /* New inscriptions in LexLep */

[[description::The concordance aligns the sigla of the objects and inscriptions included in ''Lexicon Leponticum'' with those of previous collections:]] 

*[[Whatmough 1933|Whatmough 1933 (PID)]]
*[[Tibiletti Bruno 1981]]
*[[Solinas 1995]]
*[[Motta 2000]]
*[[Morandi 2004]]
 
*[[Object concordance]]
*[[Inscription concordance]]

For the reverse concordances, see the pages of the respective works.

== New inscriptions in LexLep ==
The following documents are not included in any of the four editions; they are listed in descending order of their inclusion in LexLep, with the original publication year in brackets. Coins and Etruscan and Sabellic inscriptions are not in the list.
<div style="column-count:4;">
*[[MI·26]] (2021)
*[[BG·49]] (2007)
*[[MI·25]] (2011)
*[[MI·24]] (2011)
*[[MI·23]] (2011)
*[[MI·22]] (2011)
*[[MI·21]] (2011)
*[[MI·20]] (2011)
*[[MI·19]] (2011)
*[[BE·1]] (2000)
*[[VS·3]] (2019)
*[[MI·18]] (1996)
*[[MI·17]] (1956)
*[[VA·31]] (unpublished)
*[[SH·1]] (1965)
*[[TI·54]] (2018)
*[[BG·48]] (2018)
*[[BG·47]] (2018)
*[[BG·46]] (2018)
*[[BG·45]] (2018)
*[[BG·44]] (2018)
*[[BG·43]] (2018)
*[[BG·42]] (2018)
*[[BG·5.2]] (2018)
*[[NO·29]] (2011)
*[[NO·28]] (2007)
*[[NO·27]] (2007)
*[[PD·2]] (1994)
*[[PD·1]] (1853)
*[[BG·41.30]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.29]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.28]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.27]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.26]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.25]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.24]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.23]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.21]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.20]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.19]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.18]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.17]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.16]] (2014)
*[[BG·41.15]] (2013)
*[[BG·41.14]] (2013)
*[[BG·41.13]] (2013)
*[[BG·41.12]] (2013)
*[[BG·41.11]] (2008)
*[[BG·41.10]] (2008)
*[[BG·41.9]] (2008)
*[[BG·41.8]] (2008)
*[[BG·41.7]] (2008)
*[[BG·41.6]] (2008)
*[[BG·41.5]] (2008)
*[[BG·41.4]] (2008)
*[[BG·41.3]] (2008)
*[[BG·41.2]] (2008)
*[[BG·41.1]] (2008)
*[[VR·34]] (2018)
*[[VR·33]] (2018)
*[[VR·32]] (2018)
*[[VR·31]] (2018)
*[[VR·30]] (2018)
*[[VR·29]] (2018)
*[[VR·28]] (2018)
*[[VR·27]] (2018)
*[[VR·26]] (2018)
*[[VR·25]] (2018)
*[[VR·24]] (2018)
*[[VR·23]] (2011)
*[[VR·22]] (2011)
*[[VR·21]] (2011)
*[[VS·2]] (2012)
*[[VS·1]] (2008)
*[[BI·7]] (2011)
*[[BI·6]] (2011)
*[[BI·5]] (2011)
*[[BI·4]] (2011)
*[[BI·3]] (2011)
*[[BI·2]] (2011)
*[[BI·1]] (2011)
*[[SP·2]]
*[[GR·3]]
*[[GR·2]] (1959)
*[[TI·46]] (2006)
*[[TI·47]] (2006)
*[[TI·49]] (2006)
*[[TI·50]] (2006)
*[[TI·51]] (2006)
*[[TI·52]] (2006)
*[[TI·53]] (2006)
*[[JU·1]] (1998)
*[[NO·22]] (2006)
</div>

{{navigation|Concordance}}
{{navigation|Appendix}}

natom

2022-12-15T15:40:44Z

David Stifter:

{{word
|status=dubious
|type_word=nominal
|stem_class=o
|number=sg., pl.
|case=gen., acc.
|language=Lepontic
|analysis_morphemic={{m|nat-}}{{m|-om|om}}
|analysis_phonemic=/{{p|n}}{{p|a}}{{p|t}}{{p|o}}{{p|m}}/
|meaning='of the sons' (?)
|checklevel=1
|problem=signs in free text do not show up correctly
}}
==Commentary==
1) natom = "of the sons"? cf. {{bib|DLG}}: 181, {{bib|GPN}}: 207, {{bib|Delamarre 2007}}: 222

2) nad-tom: {{bib|Birkhan 2005}}

Helmut Birkhan 2005 has proposed a new interpretation of NAŚOM, not as /naksom/ (uel sim.) ‘Naxian (wine)’, the widely preferred analysis, but as /natsom/ (uel sim.) < *ned-tom or *ned-som, a past participle of the root *ned ‘to bind, tie’ (recte /natsom/ < *Hd-tom, past participle of the root *neHd found in OIr. nascaid, MBret. nasca; cf. Schumacher 2004a: 489). For Birkhan, the delicacy contained in the vessel for the buried couple Latumaros and Sapsuta is not ‘wine from Naxos’, but ‘wine (from vines) tied up (in contrast to vines spreading on the ground)’. While Birkhan’s analysis is unimpeachable on morphological, phonological and factual grounds, I do think that the wide-spread translation ‘Naxian’ can be defended on palaeographic grounds. Birkhan assails the phonetic interpretation of the letter Ś ‘san’ as /ks/ and demands that it be strictly considered as representing a Proto-Celtic combination of dentals and/or sibilants, i.e. tau Gallicum (like in ANAREUIŚEOS < *ande-are-id-tios [San Bernardino di Briona, S 140] and IŚOS < *is-tos [Vergiate, S 119]). But he overlooks the fact that the letter rendered as Ś in the transcription is actually a variant that is found merely in two inscriptions (see Lejeune 1971: 374). This particular variant consists of a body shaped like an X, the two lower ends of which are connected by an understroke. In the only other inscription purported to contain it [Nosate, S 105], traditionally read as PEŚU, the photograph reveals that the understroke has been added accidentally and does not belong to the letter (see Studi Etruschi 60 (1994), tavv. LXVII b and LXIX a). The name in S 105 has rather to be read as PETU, perhaps a short name based on the numeral *petores ‘4’. Consequently, S 128 remains the sole instance for this particular shape of the letter. This raises the question if the letter should be read as ‘san’ at all, whereas in other inscriptions from the late Lepontic period for ‘san’ the so-called ‘butterfly-sign’ is used [San Pietro di Stabio, S 21; Carcegna, S 122; Levo, S 126]. My tentative suggestion is that the letter in the inscription from Ornavasso is not ‘san’, but a loan grapheme Latin X = /ks/, to which has been added an understroke as a diacritic in order to distinguish it from isomorphous native Lepontic X = /t, d/. The letter M in S 128, which has not the inherited flag-like shape, betrays Latin graphematic influence, too. The word can thus be read overtly as /naksom/. The // of the supposedly underlying o-adjective /naksom/ must be assumed to have been ‘absorbed’ into the preceding /ks/, or could the diacritic understroke actually represent the I?

natoś {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1981}}
{{bibliography}}

The Project

2022-10-17T12:11:41Z

David Stifter: /* Publications */

== Introduction ==
''Lexicon Leponticum'' (LexLep) is a web-based, interactive platform based on the [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki MediaWiki] open source application. The aim of LexLep is to provide an edition of the Cisalpine Celtic epigraphic corpus and an interactive online etymological dictionary of the Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish languages that is freely accessible for all users.

LexLep was created in the project [http://pf.fwf.ac.at/de/wissenschaft-konkret/project-finder/20442 P21706] "An interactive online etymological dictionary of Lepontic", funded by [http://www.fwf.ac.at FWF] – ''Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung'', the Austrian Science Fund, and directed by David Stifter.

The contributors are:
[[File:Team_members_2011_photo2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|LexLep team 2011, from left to right: front A. Adaktylos, E. Lettner, M. Vignoli, Ch. Dezi; back M. Schwarz, M. Braun, D. Stifter]]
*Prof. Dr. [[User: David Stifter|David Stifter]] – project initiator, director and responsible for the content
*Mag.a [[User:Anna-Maria Adaktylos|Anna-Maria Adaktylos]]
*Mag. [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]] BA
*[[User:Chiara Dezi|Chiara Dezi]]
*[[User:Eva Lettner|Eva Lettner]]
*Dr [[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]]
*Dr [[User:Corinna Scheungraber|Corinna Scheungraber]]
*DI DI DI Mag. [[User:Marcel Schwarz|Marcel Schwarz]]
*Mag.a [[User:Michela Vignoli|Michela Vignoli]]

== Project history and objectives ==
The project started with two distinctive objectives:
# to design a '''[[Special:Version|web-based interactive frame-work program]]''' to host etymological dictionaries and lexicons of Indo-Europaean and other languages;
# to construct an '''[[Dictionary_of_Attested_Forms|etymological dictionary]]''' of the Lepontic language entitled ''Lexicon Leponticum'' (LexLep).

Combined in a single project, the results of LexLep present both scholarly and technological innovations.

In the experimental '''phase 1''' of the project, Sept. 1, 2009–Feb. 12, 2010, the technical possibilities of the website were tested and the system MediaWiki was adapted to the requirements of the lexicon. The technical work was undertaken by [[User:Marcel Schwarz|Marcel Schwarz]] and [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]]. The conceptual groundwork, carried out in particular by [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]], consisted mainly in developing the formal structures and routines that enable the automatised functions of the lexicon. The primary goal of [[User:Eva Lettner|Eva Lettner]] during this time was to compile a basic list of Lepontic inscriptions. At the end of phase 1, the experimental version of the lexicon was deleted.

At the beginning of '''phase 2''' in February 2010, the system was recreated from scratch and the basic data about the archaeological objects carrying the inscriptions, the inscriptions themselves, and the dictionary headwords was entered in the database. Against initial expectations, technical questions still cropped up, and [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]] had to constantly apply his ingenuity to refining and advancing the technical backbones of the site. With the start of 2011, two new colleagues joined the project team, [[User:Michela Vignoli|Mag. Michela Vignoli]] and [[User:Chiara Dezi|Chiara Francesca Dezi]], and two other colleagues added further support ([[User:Anna-Maria Adaktylos|Anna Adaktylos]] from Jan. 24–Feb. 28; [[User:Corinna Scheungraber|Mag. Corinna Scheungraber]] from May–June); Eva Lettner left the project.

All [[Objects|objects]] had been entered into the database by the end of July 2010. Entering the [[Inscriptions|inscriptions]] was finished in February 2011, under the responsibility of [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]]. Pages for the [[:Category:Word|words]] were set up by [[User:Michela Vignoli|Michela Vignoli]], and filled in by herself and [[User:David Stifter|David Stifter]]. [[User:Chiara Dezi|Chiara Dezi]] was in charge of filling the [[Bibliography|bibliography]], and of adding further support in adding content to the site. Finally, [[User:Anna-Maria Adaktylos|Anna Adaktylos]] and [[User:Corinna Scheungraber|Corinna Scheungraber]] checked the entries on the site for grammatical correctness. The entering of fundamental data to LexLep was finished by the end of June 2011, which also marked the official end of the initial project as funded by the FWF.

In March 2012, the Celtic Research Trust (Isle of Man) dedicated money to LexLep which opened the way for the '''continuation of phase 2''' in July 2012. The main tasks were a revision and formal streamlining of the entire site – correcting errors and bringing the site into a formally consistent shape. This work was carried out by [[User:Michela Vignoli|Michela Vignoli]] with the assistance of [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]]. In December 2012, [[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]] added further support to the team. The [[Inscriptions|inscription]] and [[:Category:Word|word]] pages were revised and filled with up-to-date information, and received a user-friendly layout.

'''Phase 3''' of the LexLep project commenced in March 2020. Funding was acquired via an APART-fellowship from the [http://www.oeaw.ac.at Austrian Academy of Sciences]. The two-year project CCeLL – ''Cisalpine Celtic Language and Literacy'', led and conducted by [[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]], involves the re-examination and documentation of objects and inscriptions, the updating of all pages with current, first-hand data, and the addition of detailed commentaries with discussion of the previous literature. Additionally, pages devoted to general information about the languages, script, history and archaeology of Celtic Northern Italy are filled with substantial content.

The envisaged adaptation of [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki MediaWiki] to the requirements of an interactive etymological lexicon has been satisfactorily achieved within the first iteration of the project. The system was continuously refined, and it is now able to achieve astonishing results. LexLep allows broad access to data about [[Objects|archaeological objects]] from culturally Celtic regions which bear inscriptions written in [[North Italic Script]] and/or containing [[The Cisalpine Celtic Languages|Cisalpine Celtic]] language material, their [[Sites|find places]] and [[Museums|current locations]], the [[Inscriptions|inscriptions]] themselves, and two dictionaries: a non-standardised [[Dictionary_of_Attested_Forms|dictionary of attested forms]], and a standardised [[Morphological Lexicon|list of attested morphemes]]. In addition, a comprehensive [[Bibliography|bibliography]] is provided. The work on the content of LexLep is ongoing; the site is continuously updated with new inscriptions, references, data, and research results.

== Conferences ==
[[Symposium 2022|''Cisalpine Celtic Literacy'']] – International symposium, Maynooth University/online, 23th–24th June 2022.

== Presentations ==
*David Stifter, 'Lexicon Leponticum', 10 September 2009, at ''5. Deutschsprachiges Keltologensymposium'', Universität Zürich, 7–10 Sept. 2009.
*David Stifter, 'Lexicon Leponticum', 20 November 2009, at the [http://www.celt.dias.ie/english/tionol/tionol09.html Tionól of the School of Celtic Studies], Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 20–21 Nov. 2009.
*Eva Lettner, 'Das Lepontische – neue Ansätze in der Bearbeitung einer kontinentalkeltischen Sprache', 21 November 2009, at ''2. Österreichische Studierendenkonferenz der Linguistik'', Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Wien, 21-22 Nov. 2009.
*David Stifter, 'Lexicon Leponticum', 5 December 2009, at ''37. Österreichische Linguistiktagung'', Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Salzburg, 5–7 December 2009.
*Michela Vignoli, 'Eine ausgestorbene Sprache wird vernetzt!', 12 April 2011, at FameLab 2011 (Vorentscheidung Wien), Technische Universität Wien, 12 April 2011.
*David Stifter, 'Lexicon Leponticum', 3 November 2011, at Oxford Celtic Seminar, Jesus College, University of Oxford.
*David Stifter, 'Keltische Schriftsysteme. Die lepontische Schrift: Entwicklung in Interaktion', 8 May 2012, at ''Modi scribendi circum mare Mediterraneum – Schriftsysteme rund ums Mittelmeer'' (6. Jenaer Maikolloquium), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 8–9 May 2012.
*David Stifter, 'New Issues in Ancient Celtic Palaeography', 25 May 2012, at [http://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/english/calendar/archive_2012/celtic_spring/ Celtic Spring in Copenhagen. Workshop for Roots of Europe – Language, Culture, and Migrations], University of Copenhagen, 23–25 May 2012.
*David Stifter, 'Lexicon Leponticum and the Celtic Languages of Northern Italy', 8 September 2015, at ''First [http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/isch/Actions/IS1407 AELAW] Training School'', Jaca, 7-12 September 2015.
*David Stifter, 'Lepontic', 6 September 2016, at ''Second [http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/isch/Actions/IS1407 AELAW] Training School: Languages and Epigraphies of Italy'', Verona, 5–8 September 2016.
*David Stifter, 'The Celtic Epigraphic Evidence', 14 March 2017, at ''Runic Inscriptions and the Early History of the Germanic Languages'', University of Southern Denmark Odense.
*David Stifter & Simona Marchesini, 'Italo-Celtic child burials in the Seminario Maggiore di Verona', 25 April 2017, at ''From invisible to visible: new data and methods for the archaeology of infant and child burials in pre-Roman Italy'', Trinity College Dublin, 24–25 April 2017.
*David Stifter, 'Ancient Celtic Epigraphy and its Interface with Classical Epigraphy', at the ''XVth International Congress of Greek and Latin Epigraphy'', Universität Wien, 25–30 August 2017.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Resistance is Futile: How Open Science is transforming Celtic Studies research' (panel discussion), 24 May 2018, at ''Fast Forward into the Past: Celtic Studies 2.0'', Universität Wien, 24–25 May 2018.
*David Stifter & Corinna Salomon, 'MediaWiki in Academic Online Publications – Asset or Drawback?', at ''Academia and Wikipedia: Critical Perspectives in Education and Research'', Maynooth University, 18 June 2018.
*David Stifter, 'Cisalpine Celtic', 13 March 2019, at ''Lenguas y escrituras paleoeuropeas: retos y perspectivas de estudio. Coloquio internacional [http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/isch/Actions/IS1407 AELAW]'', Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología Rome, 13‒15 March 2019.
*David Stifter, 'Pre-Roman Epigraphic Cultures: Gaulish and Italo-Celtic (and Ogam)', 8 September 2020, at ''International Training School. The Epigraphic Text. Text, Theory, Practice. Computerization and Digitization'', Alteritas, Verona, 7‒11 September 2020.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Lexicon Leponticum – An Online Dictionary of Cisalpine Celtic', 17 June 2021, at the ''11th Conference of the International Society for Historical Lexicography and Lexicology'', Universidad de La Rioja/online, 16–18 June 2021. ([https://youtu.be/HMJBGw7XRjw watch on youtube])
*Corinna Salomon, 'Lexicon Leponticum, ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'', and Semantic Media-Wiki as a DH tool’, 7 September 2021, at the ''Digital Italy'' seminar, University of Durham/online.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Cisalpine Celtic Language and Literacy', 26 November 2021, at the [https://www.dias.ie/2021/11/12/tionol-2021/ Tionól of the School of Celtic Studies], Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies/online, 26–27 November 2021.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Lexicon Leponticum newsreel 2022', at the [https://celticstudies.org/conferences/ CSANA Conference], Fairleigh Dickinson University, 31 March–1 April 2022.
*David Stifter, 'Keltische Namenkunde', at Hauptseminar 'Onomastik', Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 16 May 2022.
*David Stifter, 'Aktuelle Forschungen zu altkeltischen Personennamen', at Forschungskolloquium 'Onomastik', Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Dialekte und Sprachvariation (IZD), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 16 May 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Early Runic text types and the models for Runic literacy', at the ''Ninth International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions: Functions of Runic Literacy 200 to 1500 AD – Text types and historico-cultural contexts'', Akademie Sankelmark, 14–19 June 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'New readings and interpretations of Cisalpine Celtic inscriptions in Lexicon Leponticum', at [[Symposium 2022|''Cisalpine Celtic Literacy'']], Maynooth University/online, 23–24 June 2022.
*David Stifter, 'Again on the functions of the letter san in Cisalpine Celtic', at [[Symposium 2022|''Cisalpine Celtic Literacy'']], Maynooth University/online, 23–24 June 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Cisalpine Celtic Language and Literacy – project results and outlook', at the [https://celticconferenceinpoznan.wordpress.com/ ''Poznań Celtic Studies Symposium IV''], Centre for Celtic Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 5–7 July 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Celtic Revival in the Iron Age – The resurgence of Cisalpine Celtic literacy in the 2nd and 1st c. BC under Roman stimulus', at the [https://ciegl2022.sciencesconf.org/ ''XVI Congressus Internationalis Epigraphiae Graecae et Latinae''], Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 29 August–2 September 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'New Cisalpine Celtic inscriptions in Lexicon Leponticum', at the [https://sites.google.com/unipv.it/third-symposium-celtic-studies ''Third European Symposium in Celtic Studies''], University of Pavia, 7–9 September 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Keltische (und rätische) Onomastik in der Schweiz', at the [https://www.ds.uzh.ch/de/tagungen/arbeitskreis22.html ''15. Tagung des Arbeitskreises der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Namenforschung: Namenforschung und Altertumskunde''], Universität Zürich, 7–9 October 2022.
*Corinna Salomon & Martin Braun, 'Semantic MediaWiki for digital editing: ''Lexicon Leponticum'' and Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum', at the [https://site.unibo.it/encode/en/agenda/encoding-across-languages-and-technologies-14-october-2022-9-30-am-4-45-pm-cet ''ENCODE Conference: Encoding across Languages and Technologies''], Universitet i Oslo, 14 October 2022.

=== Upcoming ===
*Corinna Salomon, 'Marstrander revisited: early Celtic writing systems and the Runic script', at [https://www.uia.no/en/events/international-conference-on-graphemics-at-uia-scriptandsound-5 ''ScriptandSound'' 5], Kristiansand-Fevik, 25–28 October 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Thermoluminescence dating of the inscribed pot PD·2 ''artebuθzbroχθui'' from Ptuj', at the [https://www.philol.uni-leipzig.de/sorabistik/aktuelles/artikel/celto-slavica-call-for-papers-2022-06-15 10th ''International Colloquium of the Societas Celto-Slavica''], University of Leipzig, 26–29 October 2022.

== Publications ==
*David Stifter, 'Lepontische Studien: Lexicon Leponticum und die Funktion von san im Lepontischen', in: Akten des 5. Deutschsprachigen Keltologensymposiums, Zürich, 7.–10. September 2009, ed. Karin Stüber, Thomas Zehnder & Dieter Bachmann (= Keltische Forschungen, Allgemeine Buchreihe A1; Wien 2010), 359–374.
*David Stifter, 'Lenition of *s in Gaulish?', in: The Sound of Indo-European. Phonetics, Phonemics and Morphophonemics, ed. Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen & Jens Elmegård Rasmussen (Copenhagen 2012), 523–544.
*David Stifter, 'Schwund von auslautendem s als westeuropäische areale Erscheinung', Die Sprache 49,2 (2010/2011), 187–193.
*David Stifter, [Review of Graham R. Isaac, ''Studies in Celtic Sound Changes and their Chronology'' (= Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 127; Innsbruck 2007)], ''Journal of Celtic Linguistics'' 14 (2012), 111–130.
*David Stifter, 'Keltische Schriftsysteme', ''Historische Sprachforschung'' 128 (2015 [2016]), 236–259. ([http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/11352/ download online])
*David Stifter, 'Metrical systems of Celtic traditions', in: ''Grammarians, Skalds and Rune Carvers I'', ed. Robert Nedoma & Michael Schulte (= NOWELE 69,1; Amsterdam 2016), 38–94. ([https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.69.1.02sti buy online])
*David Stifter & Simona Marchesini, 'Inscriptions from Italo-Celtic burials in the Seminario Maggiore (Verona)', in: ''From Invisible to Visible. New Methods and Data for the Archaeology of Infant and Child Burials in Pre-Roman Italy and Beyond'', ed. Jacopo Tabolli (= Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 149; Nicosia 2018), 143–154.
*David Stifter, 'Ancient Celtic Epigraphy and its Interface with Classical Epigraphy', in: ''Sprachen – Schriftkulturen – Identitäten der Antike. Beiträge des XV. Internationalen Kongresses für Griechische und Lateinische Epigraphik. Wien, 28. August bis 1. September 2017. Fest- und Plenarvorträge'', ed. Petra Amann, Thomas Corsten, Fritz Mitthof & Hans Taeuber (= Tyche Supplementband 10; Wien 2019), 97‒123.
*David Stifter, 'The early Celtic epigraphic evidence and early literacy in Germanic languages', in: ''Runic Inscriptions and the Early History of the Germanic Languages'', ed. Robert Nedoma & Hans Frede Nielsen in collaboration with Alexandra Holsting, Elisabeth Dalby Kristiansen & Michael Schulte (= NOWELE 73,1; Amsterdam 2020), 125‒154.
*David Stifter, [https://puz.unizar.es/2369-cisalpine-celtic-languge-writing-epigraphy.html ''Cisalpine Celtic. Language ‒ Writing ‒ Epigraphy''] (= AELAW Booklet 8; Zaragoza 2020).
*David Stifter, 'Cisalpine Celtic', in: ''Palaeoeuropean Languages and Epigraphic Cultures. Challenges and New Perspectives''. Proceedings of the International Conference "Palaeoeuropean Languages and Epigraphic Cultures. Challenges and Research Approaches" (Rome, March 13–15, 2019), ed. F. Beltrán Lloris, B. Díaz Ariño, M. J. Estarán Tolosa & C. Jordán Cólera (= Palaeohispanica 20; Zaragoza 2020), I 335–365.
*David Stifter, review of Filippo Motta, ''Studi celtici. A cura di Andrea Nuti'', Pisa: Pisa University Press 2020, in: [https://journal.fi/scf/article/view/115981 ''Studia Celtica Fennica'' 18 (2022), 1–5].
*David Stifter, 'Continental Celtic sources', in: ''Handbook of Celtic Linguistics'', edited by Jospeh F. Eska, Silva Nurmio, Palgrave forthc.
*David Stifter, 'Continental Celtic scripts', in: ''Handbook of Celtic Linguistics'', edited by Jospeh F. Eska, Silva Nurmio, Palgrave forthc.
*David Stifter, 'Celtic inscriptions', in: ''Epigraphy'', edited by Kaja Harter-Uibopuu. forthc.
*David Stifter, 'Die Kelten ‒ Das Zeugnis der Sprachen', in: ''Hallein'', ed. Holger Wendling, forthc.

== Collaboration and impact ==
*Since 2013, Martin Braun and Corinna Salomon have been involved in the development, creation and upkeep of the [https://www.univie.ac.at/raetica ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum''], a digital edition of the Raetic epigraphic corpus, which is modelled on LexLep.
*On behalf of LexLep, David Stifter was part of the Management Committee of [http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/isch/Actions/IS1407 AELAW - ''Ancient European Languages and Writings''], ISCH [http://www.cost.eu/ COST Action] IS1407 supported by the European Union, active from April 13, 2015 to April 12, 2019.
*In 2014–2015, David Stifter served as an expert consultant for the revision and expansion of the Old Italic subset of the Unicode character set, culminating in a consultation meeting on July 11, 2015 at Glasgow University.
*The character set of LexLep was incorporated into the [https://scholarsfonts.net/old_italic.html Italica Vetus font] created by David Perry in 2017.
* David Stifter and Corinna Salomon are external collaborators of Coline Ruiz-Darasse's project [https://riig.huma-num.fr/ ''Recueil informatisé des inscriptions gauloises''] at the University of Bordeaux. RIIG aims at digitising all Gaulish inscriptions.

== Acknowledgements ==
We are grateful to numerous colleagues in academia and heritage management for their support and their help with development and data collection:
*[https://linguistik.univie.ac.at/ueber-uns/professorinnen/stefan-schumacher/ Assoz.-Prof. Dr Stefan Schumacher] (Universität Wien)
*[https://www.linguistik.uzh.ch/de/about/mitglieder/stueber.html Prof. Dr Karin Stüber] (Universität Zürich)
*[https://cil.bbaw.de/hauptnavigation/team/personen Dr Ulrike Ehmig] of the [[CIL|''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'']] project
*Dr Lucas Petit and Robert Ritter of the [[Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (Leiden)]]
*Dr Christian Miks, PD Dr. Holger Baitinger and Mag. Dominik Kimmel of the [[Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum (Mainz)]]
*Uta Wallenstein of the [http://www.numismatische-kommission.de/numismatik-in-deutschland/stiftung-schloss-friedenstein-muenzkabinett Gotha Münzkabinett]
*Prof. Dr Kay Ehling and Dr Dietrich Klose of the [[Staatliche Münzsammlung (München)]]
*Dr Luca Tori and Dr Christian Weiss of the [[Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum (Zürich)]]
*Lic. phil. Vanessa Haussener and lic. phil. Daniel Schmutz of the [[Historisches Museum (Bern)]]
*Dr Julia Genechesi and Dr Carine Raemy Tournelle of the [[Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire (Lausanne)]]
*Sophie Broccard of the [[Musée cantonal d'histoire (Sion)]]
*Martina Nicca and Dr Yves Mühlemann of the [[Rätisches Museum (Chur)]]
*Dr Daniela Locatelli of the [[Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le province di Como, Lecco, Monza-Brianza, Pavia, Sondrio e Varese (Milano)]]
*Dr Barbara Cermesoni and Dr Daniele Cassinelli of the [[Museo civico archeologico di Villa Mirabello (Varese)]]
*Dr Mauro Squarzanti of the [[Museo Civico Archeologico (Sesto Calende)]]
*Dr Marina De Marchi and Luigia Vanoni of the [[Civico Museo Archeologico (Arsago Seprio)]]
*Matteo Scaltritti of the [[Museo della Società Gallaratese di Studi Patri (Gallarate)]]
*Dr Tommaso Quirino, Dr Anna Maria Fedeli and Dr Francesca Roncoroni of the [[Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Milano (Milano)]]
*Dr Anna Maria Volonté of the [[Museo Civico "Guido Sutermeister" (Legnano)]]
*Dr Anna Provenzali and Dr Sara Loreto of the [[Civico Museo Archeologico (Milano)]]
*Dr Giulia Valli and Dr Rodolfo Martini of the [[Civico Gabinetto Numismatico e Medagliere (Milano)]]
*[https://www.isw.unibe.ch/forschung/projekte_von_doktorierenden/entzifferungsprojekt_die_elamische_strichschrift_2200_vchr/index_ger.html Mag. Michael Mäder] (Universität Bern)
*[https://applicationspub.unil.ch/interpub/noauth/php/Un/UnPers.php?PerNum=1122088&LanCode=37 Dr Romeo dell'Era] (Université de Lausanne)
*Mag. Gudrun Bajc (Universität Wien)
*[https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/humanities/departments/classics-and-archaeology/People/alex.mullen Dr Alex Mullen] (University of Nottingham)
*[https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/humanities/departments/classics-and-archaeology/people/anna.willi Dr Anna Willi] (University of Nottingham)
{{navigation|Project}}

The Project

2022-10-17T12:03:48Z

David Stifter: /* Presentations */

== Introduction ==
''Lexicon Leponticum'' (LexLep) is a web-based, interactive platform based on the [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki MediaWiki] open source application. The aim of LexLep is to provide an edition of the Cisalpine Celtic epigraphic corpus and an interactive online etymological dictionary of the Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish languages that is freely accessible for all users.

LexLep was created in the project [http://pf.fwf.ac.at/de/wissenschaft-konkret/project-finder/20442 P21706] "An interactive online etymological dictionary of Lepontic", funded by [http://www.fwf.ac.at FWF] – ''Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung'', the Austrian Science Fund, and directed by David Stifter.

The contributors are:
[[File:Team_members_2011_photo2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|LexLep team 2011, from left to right: front A. Adaktylos, E. Lettner, M. Vignoli, Ch. Dezi; back M. Schwarz, M. Braun, D. Stifter]]
*Prof. Dr. [[User: David Stifter|David Stifter]] – project initiator, director and responsible for the content
*Mag.a [[User:Anna-Maria Adaktylos|Anna-Maria Adaktylos]]
*Mag. [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]] BA
*[[User:Chiara Dezi|Chiara Dezi]]
*[[User:Eva Lettner|Eva Lettner]]
*Dr [[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]]
*Dr [[User:Corinna Scheungraber|Corinna Scheungraber]]
*DI DI DI Mag. [[User:Marcel Schwarz|Marcel Schwarz]]
*Mag.a [[User:Michela Vignoli|Michela Vignoli]]

== Project history and objectives ==
The project started with two distinctive objectives:
# to design a '''[[Special:Version|web-based interactive frame-work program]]''' to host etymological dictionaries and lexicons of Indo-Europaean and other languages;
# to construct an '''[[Dictionary_of_Attested_Forms|etymological dictionary]]''' of the Lepontic language entitled ''Lexicon Leponticum'' (LexLep).

Combined in a single project, the results of LexLep present both scholarly and technological innovations.

In the experimental '''phase 1''' of the project, Sept. 1, 2009–Feb. 12, 2010, the technical possibilities of the website were tested and the system MediaWiki was adapted to the requirements of the lexicon. The technical work was undertaken by [[User:Marcel Schwarz|Marcel Schwarz]] and [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]]. The conceptual groundwork, carried out in particular by [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]], consisted mainly in developing the formal structures and routines that enable the automatised functions of the lexicon. The primary goal of [[User:Eva Lettner|Eva Lettner]] during this time was to compile a basic list of Lepontic inscriptions. At the end of phase 1, the experimental version of the lexicon was deleted.

At the beginning of '''phase 2''' in February 2010, the system was recreated from scratch and the basic data about the archaeological objects carrying the inscriptions, the inscriptions themselves, and the dictionary headwords was entered in the database. Against initial expectations, technical questions still cropped up, and [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]] had to constantly apply his ingenuity to refining and advancing the technical backbones of the site. With the start of 2011, two new colleagues joined the project team, [[User:Michela Vignoli|Mag. Michela Vignoli]] and [[User:Chiara Dezi|Chiara Francesca Dezi]], and two other colleagues added further support ([[User:Anna-Maria Adaktylos|Anna Adaktylos]] from Jan. 24–Feb. 28; [[User:Corinna Scheungraber|Mag. Corinna Scheungraber]] from May–June); Eva Lettner left the project.

All [[Objects|objects]] had been entered into the database by the end of July 2010. Entering the [[Inscriptions|inscriptions]] was finished in February 2011, under the responsibility of [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]]. Pages for the [[:Category:Word|words]] were set up by [[User:Michela Vignoli|Michela Vignoli]], and filled in by herself and [[User:David Stifter|David Stifter]]. [[User:Chiara Dezi|Chiara Dezi]] was in charge of filling the [[Bibliography|bibliography]], and of adding further support in adding content to the site. Finally, [[User:Anna-Maria Adaktylos|Anna Adaktylos]] and [[User:Corinna Scheungraber|Corinna Scheungraber]] checked the entries on the site for grammatical correctness. The entering of fundamental data to LexLep was finished by the end of June 2011, which also marked the official end of the initial project as funded by the FWF.

In March 2012, the Celtic Research Trust (Isle of Man) dedicated money to LexLep which opened the way for the '''continuation of phase 2''' in July 2012. The main tasks were a revision and formal streamlining of the entire site – correcting errors and bringing the site into a formally consistent shape. This work was carried out by [[User:Michela Vignoli|Michela Vignoli]] with the assistance of [[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]]. In December 2012, [[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]] added further support to the team. The [[Inscriptions|inscription]] and [[:Category:Word|word]] pages were revised and filled with up-to-date information, and received a user-friendly layout.

'''Phase 3''' of the LexLep project commenced in March 2020. Funding was acquired via an APART-fellowship from the [http://www.oeaw.ac.at Austrian Academy of Sciences]. The two-year project CCeLL – ''Cisalpine Celtic Language and Literacy'', led and conducted by [[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]], involves the re-examination and documentation of objects and inscriptions, the updating of all pages with current, first-hand data, and the addition of detailed commentaries with discussion of the previous literature. Additionally, pages devoted to general information about the languages, script, history and archaeology of Celtic Northern Italy are filled with substantial content.

The envisaged adaptation of [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki MediaWiki] to the requirements of an interactive etymological lexicon has been satisfactorily achieved within the first iteration of the project. The system was continuously refined, and it is now able to achieve astonishing results. LexLep allows broad access to data about [[Objects|archaeological objects]] from culturally Celtic regions which bear inscriptions written in [[North Italic Script]] and/or containing [[The Cisalpine Celtic Languages|Cisalpine Celtic]] language material, their [[Sites|find places]] and [[Museums|current locations]], the [[Inscriptions|inscriptions]] themselves, and two dictionaries: a non-standardised [[Dictionary_of_Attested_Forms|dictionary of attested forms]], and a standardised [[Morphological Lexicon|list of attested morphemes]]. In addition, a comprehensive [[Bibliography|bibliography]] is provided. The work on the content of LexLep is ongoing; the site is continuously updated with new inscriptions, references, data, and research results.

== Conferences ==
[[Symposium 2022|''Cisalpine Celtic Literacy'']] – International symposium, Maynooth University/online, 23th–24th June 2022.

== Presentations ==
*David Stifter, 'Lexicon Leponticum', 10 September 2009, at ''5. Deutschsprachiges Keltologensymposium'', Universität Zürich, 7–10 Sept. 2009.
*David Stifter, 'Lexicon Leponticum', 20 November 2009, at the [http://www.celt.dias.ie/english/tionol/tionol09.html Tionól of the School of Celtic Studies], Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 20–21 Nov. 2009.
*Eva Lettner, 'Das Lepontische – neue Ansätze in der Bearbeitung einer kontinentalkeltischen Sprache', 21 November 2009, at ''2. Österreichische Studierendenkonferenz der Linguistik'', Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Wien, 21-22 Nov. 2009.
*David Stifter, 'Lexicon Leponticum', 5 December 2009, at ''37. Österreichische Linguistiktagung'', Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Salzburg, 5–7 December 2009.
*Michela Vignoli, 'Eine ausgestorbene Sprache wird vernetzt!', 12 April 2011, at FameLab 2011 (Vorentscheidung Wien), Technische Universität Wien, 12 April 2011.
*David Stifter, 'Lexicon Leponticum', 3 November 2011, at Oxford Celtic Seminar, Jesus College, University of Oxford.
*David Stifter, 'Keltische Schriftsysteme. Die lepontische Schrift: Entwicklung in Interaktion', 8 May 2012, at ''Modi scribendi circum mare Mediterraneum – Schriftsysteme rund ums Mittelmeer'' (6. Jenaer Maikolloquium), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 8–9 May 2012.
*David Stifter, 'New Issues in Ancient Celtic Palaeography', 25 May 2012, at [http://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/english/calendar/archive_2012/celtic_spring/ Celtic Spring in Copenhagen. Workshop for Roots of Europe – Language, Culture, and Migrations], University of Copenhagen, 23–25 May 2012.
*David Stifter, 'Lexicon Leponticum and the Celtic Languages of Northern Italy', 8 September 2015, at ''First [http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/isch/Actions/IS1407 AELAW] Training School'', Jaca, 7-12 September 2015.
*David Stifter, 'Lepontic', 6 September 2016, at ''Second [http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/isch/Actions/IS1407 AELAW] Training School: Languages and Epigraphies of Italy'', Verona, 5–8 September 2016.
*David Stifter, 'The Celtic Epigraphic Evidence', 14 March 2017, at ''Runic Inscriptions and the Early History of the Germanic Languages'', University of Southern Denmark Odense.
*David Stifter & Simona Marchesini, 'Italo-Celtic child burials in the Seminario Maggiore di Verona', 25 April 2017, at ''From invisible to visible: new data and methods for the archaeology of infant and child burials in pre-Roman Italy'', Trinity College Dublin, 24–25 April 2017.
*David Stifter, 'Ancient Celtic Epigraphy and its Interface with Classical Epigraphy', at the ''XVth International Congress of Greek and Latin Epigraphy'', Universität Wien, 25–30 August 2017.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Resistance is Futile: How Open Science is transforming Celtic Studies research' (panel discussion), 24 May 2018, at ''Fast Forward into the Past: Celtic Studies 2.0'', Universität Wien, 24–25 May 2018.
*David Stifter & Corinna Salomon, 'MediaWiki in Academic Online Publications – Asset or Drawback?', at ''Academia and Wikipedia: Critical Perspectives in Education and Research'', Maynooth University, 18 June 2018.
*David Stifter, 'Cisalpine Celtic', 13 March 2019, at ''Lenguas y escrituras paleoeuropeas: retos y perspectivas de estudio. Coloquio internacional [http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/isch/Actions/IS1407 AELAW]'', Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología Rome, 13‒15 March 2019.
*David Stifter, 'Pre-Roman Epigraphic Cultures: Gaulish and Italo-Celtic (and Ogam)', 8 September 2020, at ''International Training School. The Epigraphic Text. Text, Theory, Practice. Computerization and Digitization'', Alteritas, Verona, 7‒11 September 2020.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Lexicon Leponticum – An Online Dictionary of Cisalpine Celtic', 17 June 2021, at the ''11th Conference of the International Society for Historical Lexicography and Lexicology'', Universidad de La Rioja/online, 16–18 June 2021. ([https://youtu.be/HMJBGw7XRjw watch on youtube])
*Corinna Salomon, 'Lexicon Leponticum, ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'', and Semantic Media-Wiki as a DH tool’, 7 September 2021, at the ''Digital Italy'' seminar, University of Durham/online.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Cisalpine Celtic Language and Literacy', 26 November 2021, at the [https://www.dias.ie/2021/11/12/tionol-2021/ Tionól of the School of Celtic Studies], Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies/online, 26–27 November 2021.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Lexicon Leponticum newsreel 2022', at the [https://celticstudies.org/conferences/ CSANA Conference], Fairleigh Dickinson University, 31 March–1 April 2022.
*David Stifter, 'Keltische Namenkunde', at Hauptseminar 'Onomastik', Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 16 May 2022.
*David Stifter, 'Aktuelle Forschungen zu altkeltischen Personennamen', at Forschungskolloquium 'Onomastik', Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Dialekte und Sprachvariation (IZD), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 16 May 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Early Runic text types and the models for Runic literacy', at the ''Ninth International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions: Functions of Runic Literacy 200 to 1500 AD – Text types and historico-cultural contexts'', Akademie Sankelmark, 14–19 June 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'New readings and interpretations of Cisalpine Celtic inscriptions in Lexicon Leponticum', at [[Symposium 2022|''Cisalpine Celtic Literacy'']], Maynooth University/online, 23–24 June 2022.
*David Stifter, 'Again on the functions of the letter san in Cisalpine Celtic', at [[Symposium 2022|''Cisalpine Celtic Literacy'']], Maynooth University/online, 23–24 June 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Cisalpine Celtic Language and Literacy – project results and outlook', at the [https://celticconferenceinpoznan.wordpress.com/ ''Poznań Celtic Studies Symposium IV''], Centre for Celtic Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 5–7 July 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Celtic Revival in the Iron Age – The resurgence of Cisalpine Celtic literacy in the 2nd and 1st c. BC under Roman stimulus', at the [https://ciegl2022.sciencesconf.org/ ''XVI Congressus Internationalis Epigraphiae Graecae et Latinae''], Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 29 August–2 September 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'New Cisalpine Celtic inscriptions in Lexicon Leponticum', at the [https://sites.google.com/unipv.it/third-symposium-celtic-studies ''Third European Symposium in Celtic Studies''], University of Pavia, 7–9 September 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Keltische (und rätische) Onomastik in der Schweiz', at the [https://www.ds.uzh.ch/de/tagungen/arbeitskreis22.html ''15. Tagung des Arbeitskreises der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Namenforschung: Namenforschung und Altertumskunde''], Universität Zürich, 7–9 October 2022.
*Corinna Salomon & Martin Braun, 'Semantic MediaWiki for digital editing: ''Lexicon Leponticum'' and Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum', at the [https://site.unibo.it/encode/en/agenda/encoding-across-languages-and-technologies-14-october-2022-9-30-am-4-45-pm-cet ''ENCODE Conference: Encoding across Languages and Technologies''], Universitet i Oslo, 14 October 2022.

=== Upcoming ===
*Corinna Salomon, 'Marstrander revisited: early Celtic writing systems and the Runic script', at [https://www.uia.no/en/events/international-conference-on-graphemics-at-uia-scriptandsound-5 ''ScriptandSound'' 5], Kristiansand-Fevik, 25–28 October 2022.
*Corinna Salomon, 'Thermoluminescence dating of the inscribed pot PD·2 ''artebuθzbroχθui'' from Ptuj', at the [https://www.philol.uni-leipzig.de/sorabistik/aktuelles/artikel/celto-slavica-call-for-papers-2022-06-15 10th ''International Colloquium of the Societas Celto-Slavica''], University of Leipzig, 26–29 October 2022.

== Publications ==
*David Stifter, 'Lepontische Studien: Lexicon Leponticum und die Funktion von san im Lepontischen', in: Akten des 5. Deutschsprachigen Keltologensymposiums, Zürich, 7.–10. September 2009, ed. Karin Stüber, Thomas Zehnder & Dieter Bachmann (= Keltische Forschungen, Allgemeine Buchreihe A1; Wien 2010), 359–374.
*David Stifter, 'Lenition of *s in Gaulish?', in: The Sound of Indo-European. Phonetics, Phonemics and Morphophonemics, ed. Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen & Jens Elmegård Rasmussen (Copenhagen 2012), 523–544.
*David Stifter, 'Schwund von auslautendem s als westeuropäische areale Erscheinung', Die Sprache 49,2 (2010/2011), 187–193.
*David Stifter, [Review of Graham R. Isaac, ''Studies in Celtic Sound Changes and their Chronology'' (= Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 127; Innsbruck 2007)], ''Journal of Celtic Linguistics'' 14 (2012), 111–130.
*David Stifter, 'Keltische Schriftsysteme', ''Historische Sprachforschung'' 128 (2015 [2016]), 236–259. ([http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/11352/ download online])
*David Stifter, 'Metrical systems of Celtic traditions', in: ''Grammarians, Skalds and Rune Carvers I'', ed. Robert Nedoma & Michael Schulte (= NOWELE 69,1; Amsterdam 2016), 38–94. ([https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.69.1.02sti buy online])
*David Stifter (together with Simona Marchesini), 'Inscriptions from Italo-Celtic burials in the Seminario Maggiore (Verona)', in: ''From Invisible to Visible. New Methods and Data for the Archaeology of Infant and Child Burials in Pre-Roman Italy and Beyond'', ed. Jacopo Tabolli (= Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 149; Nicosia 2018), 143–154.
*David Stifter, 'Ancient Celtic Epigraphy and its Interface with Classical Epigraphy', in: ''Sprachen – Schriftkulturen – Identitäten der Antike. Beiträge des XV. Internationalen Kongresses für Griechische und Lateinische Epigraphik. Wien, 28. August bis 1. September 2017. Fest- und Plenarvorträge'', ed. Petra Amann, Thomas Corsten, Fritz Mitthof & Hans Taeuber (= Tyche Supplementband 10; Wien 2019), 97‒123.
*David Stifter, 'The early Celtic epigraphic evidence and early literacy in Germanic languages', in: ''Runic Inscriptions and the Early History of the Germanic Languages'', ed. Robert Nedoma & Hans Frede Nielsen in collaboration with Alexandra Holsting, Elisabeth Dalby Kristiansen & Michael Schulte (= NOWELE 73,1; Amsterdam 2020), 125‒154.
*David Stifter, [https://puz.unizar.es/2369-cisalpine-celtic-languge-writing-epigraphy.html ''Cisalpine Celtic. Language ‒ Writing ‒ Epigraphy''] (= AELAW Booklet 8; Zaragoza 2020).
*David Stifter, 'Cisalpine Celtic', in: ''Palaeoeuropean Languages and Epigraphic Cultures. Challenges and New Perspectives''. Proceedings of the International Conference "Palaeoeuropean Languages and Epigraphic Cultures. Challenges and Research Approaches" (Rome, March 13–15, 2019), ed. F. Beltrán Lloris, B. Díaz Ariño, M. J. Estarán Tolosa & C. Jordán Cólera (= Palaeohispanica 20; Zaragoza 2020), I 335–365.

== Collaboration and impact ==
*Since 2013, Martin Braun and Corinna Salomon have been involved in the development, creation and upkeep of the [https://www.univie.ac.at/raetica ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum''], a digital edition of the Raetic epigraphic corpus, which is modelled on LexLep.
*On behalf of LexLep, David Stifter was part of the Management Committee of [http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/isch/Actions/IS1407 AELAW - ''Ancient European Languages and Writings''], ISCH [http://www.cost.eu/ COST Action] IS1407 supported by the European Union, active from April 13, 2015 to April 12, 2019.
*In 2014–2015, David Stifter served as an expert consultant for the revision and expansion of the Old Italic subset of the Unicode character set, culminating in a consultation meeting on July 11, 2015 at Glasgow University.
*The character set of LexLep was incorporated into the [https://scholarsfonts.net/old_italic.html Italica Vetus font] created by David Perry in 2017.
* David Stifter and Corinna Salomon are external collaborators of Coline Ruiz-Darasse's project [https://riig.huma-num.fr/ ''Recueil informatisé des inscriptions gauloises''] at the University of Bordeaux. RIIG aims at digitising all Gaulish inscriptions.

== Acknowledgements ==
We are grateful to numerous colleagues in academia and heritage management for their support and their help with development and data collection:
*[https://linguistik.univie.ac.at/ueber-uns/professorinnen/stefan-schumacher/ Assoz.-Prof. Dr Stefan Schumacher] (Universität Wien)
*[https://www.linguistik.uzh.ch/de/about/mitglieder/stueber.html Prof. Dr Karin Stüber] (Universität Zürich)
*[https://cil.bbaw.de/hauptnavigation/team/personen Dr Ulrike Ehmig] of the [[CIL|''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'']] project
*Dr Lucas Petit and Robert Ritter of the [[Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (Leiden)]]
*Dr Christian Miks, PD Dr. Holger Baitinger and Mag. Dominik Kimmel of the [[Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum (Mainz)]]
*Uta Wallenstein of the [http://www.numismatische-kommission.de/numismatik-in-deutschland/stiftung-schloss-friedenstein-muenzkabinett Gotha Münzkabinett]
*Prof. Dr Kay Ehling and Dr Dietrich Klose of the [[Staatliche Münzsammlung (München)]]
*Dr Luca Tori and Dr Christian Weiss of the [[Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum (Zürich)]]
*Lic. phil. Vanessa Haussener and lic. phil. Daniel Schmutz of the [[Historisches Museum (Bern)]]
*Dr Julia Genechesi and Dr Carine Raemy Tournelle of the [[Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire (Lausanne)]]
*Sophie Broccard of the [[Musée cantonal d'histoire (Sion)]]
*Martina Nicca and Dr Yves Mühlemann of the [[Rätisches Museum (Chur)]]
*Dr Daniela Locatelli of the [[Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le province di Como, Lecco, Monza-Brianza, Pavia, Sondrio e Varese (Milano)]]
*Dr Barbara Cermesoni and Dr Daniele Cassinelli of the [[Museo civico archeologico di Villa Mirabello (Varese)]]
*Dr Mauro Squarzanti of the [[Museo Civico Archeologico (Sesto Calende)]]
*Dr Marina De Marchi and Luigia Vanoni of the [[Civico Museo Archeologico (Arsago Seprio)]]
*Matteo Scaltritti of the [[Museo della Società Gallaratese di Studi Patri (Gallarate)]]
*Dr Tommaso Quirino, Dr Anna Maria Fedeli and Dr Francesca Roncoroni of the [[Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Milano (Milano)]]
*Dr Anna Maria Volonté of the [[Museo Civico "Guido Sutermeister" (Legnano)]]
*Dr Anna Provenzali and Dr Sara Loreto of the [[Civico Museo Archeologico (Milano)]]
*Dr Giulia Valli and Dr Rodolfo Martini of the [[Civico Gabinetto Numismatico e Medagliere (Milano)]]
*[https://www.isw.unibe.ch/forschung/projekte_von_doktorierenden/entzifferungsprojekt_die_elamische_strichschrift_2200_vchr/index_ger.html Mag. Michael Mäder] (Universität Bern)
*[https://applicationspub.unil.ch/interpub/noauth/php/Un/UnPers.php?PerNum=1122088&LanCode=37 Dr Romeo dell'Era] (Université de Lausanne)
*Mag. Gudrun Bajc (Universität Wien)
*[https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/humanities/departments/classics-and-archaeology/People/alex.mullen Dr Alex Mullen] (University of Nottingham)
*[https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/humanities/departments/classics-and-archaeology/people/anna.willi Dr Anna Willi] (University of Nottingham)
{{navigation|Project}}

uenia

2022-05-15T20:33:55Z

David Stifter:

{{word
|status=uncertain
|type_word=proper noun
|stem_class=i̯ā
|number=sg.
|case=nom.
|gender=fem.
|language=Lepontic
|analysis_morphemic={{m|u̯en-}}{{m|-i̯ā|i̯ā}} Attention, needs to be checked!
|analysis_phonemic={{p|u̯}}{{p|e}}{{p|n}}{{p|i̯}}{{p|ā}}
|cognates=Vena
|meaning="Uenia" or "family"
|field_semantic=personal name
|checklevel=5
|problem=little information about the inscription
}}
==Commentary==
Maybe a hypochorism of a compound of ''veni-'' like {{w||uenu}}. Previous interpretations of this form as a vocative are dubious. Cf. Gaul. ''ουευιτοουτα'', ''Venicarus'', ''Venimarus'', ''Vennus'', Ogam ''annveni'', OIr. ''fine'' meaning "family" ({{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: 51, fn. 126, 62, fn. 190, 74, {{bib|Hamp 1974}}: 14, {{bib|Motta 2000}}: 213, {{bib|RIG}}: I 106, {{bib|Holder 1896-1907}}: III168-173, {{bib|CIIC}} 214, {{bib|KGP}}: 289-290, {{bib|GPN}}: 277-279, {{bib|DLG}}: 313, {{bib|Delamarre 2007}}: 194, 195, 235-6, {{bib|McCone 1996}}: 105, {{bib|Matasović 2009}}: 413-4, {{bib|De Bernardo Stempel 1999}}: 371, {{bib|IEW}}: 1147, {{bib|Stüber 2005}}: 63, 91, {{bib|De Vaan 2008}}: 661).

See also {{bib|Eska & Evans 2009}}: 35; {{bib|Pellegrini 1983}}: 36 (< ''*gwenia''); {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 149; {{bib|McCone 1993}}.
{{bibliography}}

-ikn-

2022-05-12T18:43:51Z

David Stifter:

{{morpheme
|type_morpheme=derivational
|function=patronymic
|language=Celtic
|analysis_phonemic=-/{{p|i}}{{p|k}}{{p|n}}/-
|checklevel=3
|problem=etymology, literature, language Gaulish?
}}
== Commentary ==
See {{bib|Russell 2013}}.

== Map ==
Distribution of inscriptions including the morpheme -''ikn''-:{{#compound_query:
[[Category:Inscription]][[word::<q>[[Category:Word]] [[morpheme::-ikn-]]</q>]];?coordinate;?text_plain=;icon=Marker_030.png;limit=1000
|format=map|autozoom=off|zoom=7
|width={{var|image_width}}
|height={{var|image_height}}
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical
}}
{{bibliography}}

metelikna

2022-05-12T12:18:50Z

David Stifter:

{{word
|type_word=proper noun
|stem_class=ā
|number=sg.
|case=nom.
|gender=fem.
|language=Lepontic
|analysis_morphemic={{m|metel-}}{{m|-ikn-|ikn}}{{m|-ā}}
|analysis_phonemic={{p|m}}{{p|e}}{{p|t}}{{p|e}}{{p|l}}{{p|i}}{{p|k}}{{p|n}}{{p|ā}}
|cognates=Metela
|meaning=daughter of Metelos
|field_semantic=patronymic
|checklevel=5
|problem=not many informations about the inscription; language Lepontic? both patron. suffixes -al- and -ikn- appear in this inscription
}}
==Commentary==
''metelo-'' ({{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: 50, 52, 64 fn. 210, fn. 211) See also {{bib|Eska & Evans 2009}}: 35, {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 149
{{bibliography}}

poinunei

2022-02-10T12:44:47Z

David Stifter:

{{word
|type_word=proper noun
|stem_class=on
|number=sg.
|case=dat.
|gender=masc.
|language=Celtic
|analysis_morphemic={{m|poinu-}}{{m|-nei|nei}}
|analysis_phonemic={{p|p}}{{p|o}}{{p|i}}{{p|n}}{{p|ū}}{{p|n}}{{p|e}}{{p|i}}
|meaning='to/for Poinu'
|checklevel=1
|problem=Poeninos
|citation_form=poinu
}}
== Commentary ==
Variant of the theonym Poeninos. Here apparently a dative of an ''on''-stem {{m||poinon-}} with the suffix vowel of the nominative transferred to the oblique case ({{w||poinūnos}} instead of regular {{w||poinonos}}; cf. {{bib|Stifter 2011c}}). Motta in {{bib|Casini et al. 2008}}: 99 (n. 49) observes that the form represents a transfer from the regular ''o''-stem {{w||poininos}} (dat. *{{w||poininui}}, Latinised {{w||poenino}}) to an ''on''-stem. However, the etymology of the name being not quite clear, the ''o''-stem {{w||poininos}} may be an adjectival derivation ''poi̯n-īn-o-'' from a primary ''on''-stem. We're working on this, stay tuned.
{{bibliography}}

dūr-

2022-01-20T13:30:52Z

David Stifter: /* Commentary */

{{morpheme
|type_morpheme=lexical
|meaning='hard' ('long'?)
|language=Celtic
|analysis_phonemic=/{{p|d}}{{p|ū}}{{p|r}}/-
|checklevel=1
|problem=David Publikation?
}}
== Commentary ==
The base ''dur''- is attested in Gaulish personal names like ''durio'', ''durillus'', ''duronius'', etc. ({{bib|Delamarre 2007}}: 220 et passim, {{bib|GPN}}: 87, n. 7, {{bib|AcS}} I: 1383–1387). It is usually considered either to be a loan from Lat. ''dūrus'' 'hard, enduring', which is also found in Latin onomastics (cf. {{bib|Lochner von Hüttenbach 1989}}: 73), and/or to be connected with ''duro''- 'market (place)' < PIE *(-)''dʰur-o''- '(-)gate' (e.g. {{bib|GPN}}: 87, n. 7, {{bib|Delamarre 2007}}: 220), which is common as (second) element in toponyms ({{bib|DLG}}: 156 f., {{bib|Delamarre 2012}}: 151, {{bib|NIL}}: 130–135, {{bib|Matasović 2009}}: 111 f., {{bib|Falileyev 2010}}: 18). However, as pointed out by {{bib|Delamarre 2012}}: 151 (also {{bib|Delamarre 2019}}: 314–316, and see already {{bib|AcS}} I: 1383), ''duro''- as first element of compound names, especially ethno- and anthroponyms, does not appear to be the same as the 'gate'-word. Delamarre prefers to identify ''dur''- in such forms with *''dūr''- 'hard; steel' as in OIr. ''dúr'' 'hard', W ''dur'', Bret. ''dir'' 'steel'. These words are generally considered to be loans from Latin ''dūrus'' and (''ferrum'') ''dūrum'' 'steel' ({{bib|LEIA}}: D-224, cf. also {{bib|Evans 1970}}: 502 f.). The argument for a borrowing is based on the one hand on the Welsh form, as Welsh inherited /ū/ > /ī/, on the other hand on the semantics: the PIE formation *''duh₂-ro''- means 'far, long'; 'hard' ('long-lasting, enduring') is a semantic development specific to Latin (Stefan Schumacher p.c.; see {{bib|De Vaan 2008}} s.v.). However, {{bib|LEIA}}: D-224 provides a possible explanation for the irregular development in Welsh. If the Insular Celtic words (or at least the OIr. one) are inherited, they may have undergone a semantic shift under the influence of Lat. ''dūrus'' (in which case Gaulish onomastic ''dūr''- would mean 'long' rather than 'hard'); considering the genetic closeness of the Italic and Celtic branches, though, it does not seem inconceivable that the semantic development 'long' > 'long-lasting, enduring' > 'hard' constitutes a shared innovation.
[[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]]
{{bibliography}}

aśouni

2021-12-26T12:09:08Z

David Stifter:

{{word
|type_word=proper noun
|stem_class=o
|number=sg.
|case=gen.
|gender=masc.
|language=Lepontic
|analysis_morphemic={{m|atsoun-}}{{m|-ī|ī}} or {{m|adou̯n-}}{{m|-ī|ī}} Attention, needs to be checked!
|analysis_phonemic={{p|a}}{{p|ts|ts}}{{p|o}}{{p|u}}{{p|n}}{{p|ī}} or {{p|a}}{{p|d}}{{p|o}}{{p|u̯}}{{p|n}}{{p|ī}} Attention, needs to be checked!
|cognates=Axiounos
|meaning=of Aśounos
|field_semantic=prob. patronymic
|checklevel=3
|problem=analysis: ś similar case as in naśium?
}}
==Commentary==
If *powno- > *fobno- > *omno-, the U of aśouni could represent the (nasalised) labial fricative (cp. the hesitancy in Old British orthography regarding the representation of this sound). 
1) ś < ''*ksi̯'' as in Gaul. ''Axionus''? ({{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: 19, 419 fn. 198 {{bib|Stifter 2010}}: 371, {{bib|Uhlich 2007}}: 384, {{bib|IEW}}: 52 (''Axona'' ??), cp. {{w||amaśilu}}) 2) ''*ad-omno-'' < ''*ad-obno-'', cf. OIr. Adomnán, but ''*bn'' > ''*u̯n'' does not occour in {{w||esopnos}} ([[PV·1]]) and {{w||esopnio}} ([[VB·28]], {{bib|Stifter 2010}}: 372) 
See also {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 153, {{bib|Delamarre 2007}}: 28, {{bib|Villar & Prósper 2005}}: 328, {{bib|Prósper 2002}}: 206-208.
Gen. case in patronymic function (compare {{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: 52, 63 fn. 200, {{bib|Lejeune 1990}}: 71)
{{bibliography}}

FEW

2020-05-29T18:33:43Z

David Stifter:

{{reference
|lexlep_sourcetype=online
|author=Walther von Wartburg
|title=Französisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
|type_reference=dictionary
|language=French, German
|city=Bâle
|year=1922–2002
|link_title=https://apps.atilf.fr/lecteurFEW/
|checklevel=0
}}

NO·19 Gozzano

2018-03-28T14:02:21Z

David Stifter:

{{object
|type_object=stela
|material=stone
|composition="local rock" (Morandi 2004:583)
|shape=irregular longish
|size_height=164 cm
|size_width=83 cm
|size_depth=15 cm
|condition=unknown
|culture_archaeological=unknown
|sortdate=-125
|date=second half of 2nd century BC
|site=Gozzano
|field_name=cemetery of San Lorenzo
|find_context=medieval Christian tomb
|coordinate_n=45.7424372
|coordinate_e=8.4419641
|find_circumstances=excavation
|sortdate_find=1996
|date_find=1996-1997
|location=Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Piemonte (Torino)
|morandi=95
|source_detail=Morandi 2004: 583
|checklevel=0
}}
Also in F. Gambari, "2. Gozzano, chiesa di S. Lorenzo. Ritrovamento di stele preromana (tav. XCIX)", Quaderni della soprintendenza archaeologica del Piemonte 15 (1998), 231-233
Acc. to Gambari (pers. com.) in Dupraz, canecosedlon, further fragments of the stele, which prove a plurality of subjects, are still unpublished.
{{bibliography}}

VR·15

2017-12-17T11:33:11Z

David Stifter: /* Commentary */

{{inscription
|reading=kośio
|reading_lepontic={{c|O|O3}}{{c|I}}{{c|Ś|Ś6}}{{c|O|O3}}{{c|K}}
|direction=sinistroverse
|letter_height_min=0
|letter_number_min=5
|word_number=1
|line_number=1
|script=North Italic Script
|object=VR·15 Isola Rizza
|position=outside
|workmanship=unknown
|condition=complete
|type_inscription=unknown
|language=Lepontic
|analysis_syntactic=NP?
|meaning=name?
|morandi=265
|source_detail=Morandi 2004: 688 & 689 (fig. 28.265)
|checklevel=1
|problem=Buchstabenvarianten, Orientierung
}}
==Commentary==
rather san1?
 
The individual interred in this burial is female. The masculine name kośio can therefore not refer to the deceased.
 
*{{bib|Salzani & Solinas 1998}}: pp. 38-39, Pl. XXXIV, A3, pp. 143 and 148, n. 7
{{bibliography}}

File:EU-FLAG.jpg

2015-09-05T20:11:51Z

David Stifter:

File:COST.jpg

2015-09-05T20:08:25Z

David Stifter:

MS·1

2015-09-05T07:46:27Z

David Stifter:

{{inscription
|reading=vemetuvis!vẹmetụvis
|reading_lepontic={{c|V||d}}{{c|E|E5|d}}{{c|M||d}}{{c|E||d}}{{c|T||d}}{{c|U||d}}{{c|V||d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|S}}
|direction=dextroverse
|letter_height_min=2.5 cm
|letter_height_max=2.8 cm
|letter_number_min=9
|word_number=1
|line_number=1
|script=North Italic Script
|object=MS·1 Aulla
|position=front, left area
|orientation=270
|workmanship=carved
|condition=complete
|type_inscription=prob. funerary
|language=Ligurian
|analysis_syntactic=NP?
|meaning=name?
|morandi=273
|source_detail=Morandi 2004: 697-698 & 699 (fig. 31.273), Maggiani & Prosdocimi 1976: 260-261
|checklevel=0
}}
==Commentary==
* {{bib|Maggiani 1987}}: p. 437, fn.2, pp. 439, 441 pl. 1 fig. 1-2
* {{bib|Maggiani & Prosdocimi 1976}}: pp. 262-263 (phonological interpretation)
* {{bib|Maggiani 1984}}: p. 335
*{{bib|Ambrosi 1972}}: p. 96 ff., n. 48
*{{bib|Rix 1991}}: Volume 2, p. 330, n. Li 1.6
{{bibliography}}

CO·48 Prestino

2015-09-04T21:29:27Z

David Stifter:

{{object
|type_object=slab
|material=stone
|composition=sandstone
|description=called "stela" by the museum
|shape=parallelepiped
|size_height=18 cm
|size_width=380 cm
|size_depth=33 cm
|condition=damaged
|culture_archaeological=unknown
|sortdate=-500
|date=end of 6th / beginning of 5th century BC
|site=Prestino
|field_name=fondo Giulini
|find_circumstances=by chance (salvage excavation)
|finder=Cirillo
|sortdate_find=1966
|location=Museo Archeologico "Paolo Giovio" (Como)
|inventory_number=8777
|tibiletti_bruno=23
|solinas=65
|motta=2
|morandi=180
|source_detail=Morandi 2004: 638-640 & 801 (pl. XXIV.180), Motta 2000: 197-198, Solinas 1995: 343, Markey & Mees 2003: 116-117 & 120-122
|checklevel=1
}}
== Commentary ==
The size of the stone is different according to different sources: 385 × 19 (max.) × 42 (max.) cm ({{bib|Motta 2000}}: 197), 375 × 18 (mean) × 33 (mean) cm ({{bib|Morandi 2004}}: 638), 378 x 19 x 23 cm ({{bib|Markey & Mees 2003}}: 121 fig. 2, they refer to the "'official' measurements"). Also the dating differs according to different sources: second quarter of 5th century BC ({{bib|Motta 2000}}: 197, cp. {{bib|De Marinis & Motta 1990-1}}: 211), "datable on epigraphic and archaeological grounds to about 480-450 BC" ({{bib|Markey & Mees 2003}}: 116). The site is within Golasecca III B - Golaseccca III A 1-2; beaker finds in the approximate context of the stone can be dated Golasecca III A ({{bib|Markey & Mees 2003}}: 116, 212 fig. 2, {{bib|De Marinis & Motta 1990-1}}: 211-212, fig. 7). Sketch of the site in {{bib|Markey & Mees 2003}}: 121 (fig. 2, from {{bib|De Marinis & Motta 1990-1}}: fig. 6). The inscription on the stone "faced west, toward an area devoid of archaeological definition and away from what appear to have been more elaborate interior structures to the east", the stone was "apparently dry-mounted on a low exterior wall" ({{bib|Markey & Mees 2003}}: 212 fig. 2, see also 120-122).
*{{bib|Luraschi et al. 1968-9}}: 221-223 (site map, in situ photography)
*{{bib|De Marinis & Motta 1990-1}}: 211, n. 16 (details about the excavation of the site)
*{{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1989}}: 77-105 (with details of excavation and discussion of the alphabetical signs, cf. {{bib|Markey & Mees 2003}}: 120)

Lejeune?
Cf. [[index::CO·21 Rondineto]]
{{bibliography}}

Eska 1998

2015-09-01T17:08:14Z

David Stifter:

{{reference
|lexlep_sourcetype=none
|lexlep_shelfmark=nicht in Wien (FB Linguistik Univ. Salzburg)
|author=Joseph Francis Eska
|title=The linguistic position of Lepontic
|type_reference=linguistic study
|language=English
|year=1998
|in_title=Bergin et al. 1998
|pages=2-11
|link_title=http://www.academia.edu/9713624/The_linguistic_position_of_Lepontic
|checklevel=1
|problem=Verfügbarkeit eruieren
}}

naxom

2015-04-05T20:38:35Z

David Stifter: /* Commentary */

{{word
|type_word=noun
|stem_class=o
|number=sg.
|case=acc.
|gender=masc.
|language=Lepontic
|analysis_morphemic={{m|naks-}}{{m|-om|om}} Attention, needs to be checked!
|analysis_phonemic={{p|n}}{{p|a}}{{p|ks}}{{p|o}}{{p|m}}
|meaning=naxian?
|field_semantic=prob. placename
|checklevel=3
|problem=meaning, analysis
}}
==Commentary==
Attention, needs to be checked! 
{{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: 75; {{bib|Stifter 2010}}: 370-371; {{bib|Stifter 2011b}}: 175-176
{{bibliography}}

uvltiauiopos

2015-04-03T15:04:10Z

David Stifter: /* Commentary */

{{word
|type_word=proper noun
|stem_class=i̯o
|number=pl.
|case=dat.
|gender=masc.
|language=Lepontic
|analysis_morphemic={{m|uφltiau̯-}}{{m|-i̯obos|i̯obos}} or {{m|uu̯ltiau̯-}}{{m|-i̯obos|i̯obos}} Attention, needs to be checked!
|analysis_phonemic=-
|meaning=to the Uvltiauioi?
|checklevel=3
|problem=analysis
}}
==Commentary==
obscure, cf. {{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: 99-100, fn. 347, fn. 348, 102-103, {{bib|Uhlich 1999}}: 293, {{bib|Eska & Evans 2009}}: 36, {{bib|Eska & Mercado 2005}}: 177 fn. 40, {{bib|Eska 1998c}}: 67, 74-75, {{bib|Meid 1999}}: 17 (obscure name of deities); {{bib|Motta 2000}}: 197-198 (very uncertain hypothesys < ''*u̯lati-'' "Lords"); could be an attestation for the preserving of PIE *''/p/'' as a "labial fricative" (cf. {{bib|Stifter 2002-3}}: 239 fn. 1 (< ''*φlitau̯ī'' meaning "earth"), {{bib|Eska 1998c}}: 68-76, {{w||uvamokozis}}); "grandsons (remote descendants) of the fostered one" (for etymological interpr. therefore see {{bib|Markey & Mees 2003}}: 149-152); for other interpretations cf. {{bib|Eska 1995}}: 36-37 fn. 14, {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1966b}}: 305 fn. 72, 307, (cf. commentary of {{bib|Campanile 1968}}: 209) {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1968}}: 388, 391, {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 142, {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1981}}: 178-180 (commented by {{bib|Eska 1998c}}: 71-72), {{bib|Prosdocimi 1967}}: 218-219, {{bib|Prosdocimi 1986}}: 237-238, 240-241 {{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: 102-103, {{bib|Motta 1983}}: 66-67, {{bib|De Bernardo Stempel 1990}}: 26-30, {{bib|De Bernardo Stempel 1999}}: 358, 427 (uFiTiauioPos /uXidiawyobos/)
{{bibliography}}

quormsklp

2015-03-07T20:10:25Z

David Stifter: /* Commentary */

{{word
|type_word=unclear
|language=unknown
|analysis_morphemic=unknown
|analysis_phonemic=unknown
|meaning=unknown
|checklevel=5
|problem=?
}}
==Commentary==
{{bib|Rubat Borel 2006|Rubat Borel (2006}}: 205) understand the inscription as an abbreviation for the compound "quorm[oi]s[o]kl[a]p[-" with the first member ''*gu̯hormo-'' "warm" and the second member ''*klapp-'' "gravel, stone". The inscription remains baffling.
{{bibliography}}

aev

2015-03-07T19:58:34Z

David Stifter: /* Commentary */

{{word
|sortform=aeϝ
|language=unknown
|analysis_morphemic=alphabetic character sequence
|analysis_phonemic=/{{p|ā}}.{{p|ē}}.{{p|u̯}}{{p|au̯|au̯}}/ (?)
|meaning=beginning of alphabet
|checklevel=3
|problem=Lautung
}}
==Commentary==
''aev'' is the beginning of the Venetic model alphabet on a bronze plate from Este (Es 23), being thus equivalent to the modern expression ''ABC''. The full alphabet in Es 23 runs ''a e v z h i θ k l m (n) p ś r s t u φ χ o'' ({{bib|Pellegrini & Prosdocimi 1967}}: I, 102, 105-107). Although no model alphabet has been discovered so far from the Lepontic or Raetic areas, in view of the general similarities between the writing practices in these regions, and especially in view of the three Lepontic graffiti containing the first three letters of this sequence, there can be no doubt that the alphabet was organised in the same way as in Venetic.
{{bib|Gambari & Colonna 1986}}: 145, {{bib|Prosdocimi 1990}}: 297, {{bib|Morandi 1999}}: 177, {{bib|Motta 2000}}: 209
{{bibliography}}

VR·23 Santa Maria di Zevio

2015-03-07T19:03:25Z

David Stifter:

{{object
|type_object=dish
|material=pottery
|condition=unknown
|culture_archaeological=unknown
|sortdate=-100
|date=end of 2nd to beginning of 1st c. BC
|date_derivation‎=archaeological context
|site=Santa Maria di Zevio
|field_name=Lazisetta
|find_context=grave
|find_circumstances=excavation
|sortdate_find=1999
|date_find=1998-1999
|location=unknown
|source_detail=Solinas 2001: 87 f.
|checklevel=1
|problem=aus demselben grab wie vr.21 und vr.22?
}}
== Commentary ==
Drawing in {{bib|Solinas 2001}}; 1,2.
{{bibliography}}

VR·22 Santa Maria di Zevio

2015-03-07T19:02:11Z

David Stifter:

{{object
|type_object=dish
|material=pottery
|condition=unknown
|culture_archaeological=unknown
|sortdate=-100
|date=end of 2nd to beginning of 1st c. BC
|date_derivation‎=archaeological context
|site=Santa Maria di Zevio
|field_name=Lazisetta
|find_context=grave
|find_circumstances=excavation
|sortdate_find=1999
|date_find=1998-1999
|location=unknown
|source_detail=Solinas 2001: 86 f.
|checklevel=1
}}
== Commentary ==
Drawing in {{bib|Solinas 2001}}: 1,4. From the same warrior's grave as [[index::VR·21 Santa Maria di Zevio]].
{{bibliography}}

VR·21 Santa Maria di Zevio

2015-03-07T19:01:03Z

David Stifter:

{{object
|type_object=dish
|material=pottery
|condition=unknown
|culture_archaeological=unknown
|sortdate=-100
|date=end of 2nd to beginning of 1st c. BC
|date_derivation‎=archaeological context
|site=Santa Maria di Zevio
|field_name=Lazisetta
|find_context=grave
|find_circumstances=excavation
|sortdate_find=1999
|date_find=1998-1999
|location=unknown
|source_detail=Solinas 2001: 86
|checklevel=4
}}
== Commentary ==
Drawing in {{bib|Solinas 2001}}: 1,3. From the same warrior's grave as [[index::VR·22 Santa Maria di Zevio]].
{{bibliography}}

LIV²

2015-03-07T17:48:35Z

David Stifter:

{{reference
|lexlep_sourcetype=book
|lexlep_shelfmark=Idg 24247
|sortform=Liv2
|author=Martin Kümmel, Helmut Rix
|author_info=(ed.)
|title=Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
|subtitle=Die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstammbildungen.
|type_reference=dictionary
|language=German
|city=Wiesbaden
|publisher=Reichert
|year=2001
|edition=Zweite, erweiterte und verbesserte Auflage
|checklevel=2
|problem=Herausgeber, Titel, zusätzliche Informationen (Links usw.)
}}

File:Solinas 2001.pdf

2013-11-24T19:23:50Z

David Stifter:

uvezaruapus

2012-07-11T09:53:51Z

David Stifter:

{{word
|status=probable
|type_word=proper noun
|stem_class=u, ?
|number=sg.
|case=nom.
|gender=masc.
|language=Ligurian
|linguistic_ascription=prob.
|analysis_morphemic=-
|analysis_phonemic=-
|meaning=-
|checklevel=5
|problem=reading, analysis, commentary
}}
==Commentary==
''uveza-'' < ''uvedia-'' with <z> = /dj/ ? (cf. ''Vedia-'', {{bib|Maggiani & Prosdocimi 1976}}: 263, 264, Maggiani compares the word with an old reading ''uvitia-'' of the [[CO·48|inscription of Prestino]])
{{bibliography}}

MS·2

2012-07-11T09:51:33Z

David Stifter:

{{inscription
|reading=uvezaruapus!uṿezaṛụap̣us
|reading_lepontic={{c|U||d}}{{c|V||d}}{{c|E||d}}{{c|Z|Z2|d}}{{c|A|A9|d}}{{c|R||d}}{{c|U|U12|d}}{{c|A|A24|d}}{{c|P||d}}{{c|U|U12|d}}{{c|S||d}}
|direction=dextroverse
|letter_height_min=3.5 cm
|letter_height_max=4 cm
|letter_number_min=11
|letter_number_max=12
|word_number=1
|line_number=1
|script=North Italic Script
|object=MS·2 Villafranca in Lunigiana
|position=front
|workmanship=carved
|condition=damaged
|type_inscription=prob. funerary
|language=Ligurian
|analysis_syntactic=NP?
|meaning=unknown
|morandi=274
|source_detail=Lejeune 1971: 137-138 & pl. XVII-XVIII, Maggiani & Prosdocimi 1976: 259-260, Morandi 2004: 698 & 699 (fig. 31.274)
|checklevel=3
|problem=Schrift, Buchstabenvarianten (wieviele Querstriche bei '''V''' und '''E'''?), Position, Orientierung, Lesung usw., Was ist z.B. mit dem Strich zw. '''U''' und '''S'''?
}}
==Commentary==
The surface of the inscription is highly damaged, probably due to long time exposion to open air ({{bib|Maggiani & Prosdocimi 1976}}: 259).
* {{bib|Maggiani 1987}}: p. 437 fn. 2
* {{bib|Maggiani & Prosdocimi 1976}}: pp. 259-260, 262-263 (Phonetic interpretation), pl. 52 fig. a
* {{bib|Maggiani 1984}}: p. 335
* {{bib|Ambrosi 1972}}: pp. 68-69, n. 15
* {{bib|Sittoni 1929}}: fig. on p. 5 and 10
* {{bib|De Marinis 1975}}: p. 141
* {{bib|Lejeune 1971}}: p. 137, pl. XVI-XIX (with bibliography)
{{bibliography}}

aruki

2012-07-10T12:59:19Z

David Stifter:

{{word
|citation_form=arukos*
|type_word=proper noun
|stem_class=o
|number=sg.
|case=gen.
|gender=masc.
|language=Celtic
|analysis_morphemic={{m|aruk-}}{{m|-ī|ī}} Attention, needs to be checked!
|analysis_phonemic={{p|a}}{{p|r}}{{p|u}}{{p|k}}{{p|ī}}
|meaning="of Arukos"
|field_semantic=prob. personal name
|checklevel=3
|problem=analysis, commentary
}}
==Commentary==
cp. ''Arucca'', ''Aruccus'' ({{bib|Delamarre 2007}}: 27)
{{bibliography}}

zv

2012-06-03T09:50:49Z

David Stifter: /* Commentary */

{{word
|type_word=undeterminable
|language=unknown
|analysis_morphemic=unknown
|analysis_phonemic=unknown
|meaning=unknown
|checklevel=1
}}
==Commentary==
Attention, needs to be checked! 
The two letters do not form a proper word. Instead, they may represent an attempt at 'abecedarial' writing (cp. [[aev]]) in which only the first two consonantal letters of the Lepontic alphabet are written, albeit in the wrong order! A cognate of this sequence is the Venet. acc. ''vdan'' (graphically 〈vza.n.〉 in inscriptions from Este, which probably is an artificial fem. ā-stem built on the first two consonantal letters V and Z ({{bib|Pellegrini & Prosdocimi 1967}}).

Alternatively, the two letters may represent an abbreviation comparable to e.g. Venet. ''z a'' = ''zoto/zonasto aisun/aisus'' or Latin ''v s'' = ''votum solvit'' ({{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1981}}: 183). {{bib|Morandi 1999|Morandi (1999}}: 155) suggests the interpretation as a trader mark (cf. the isolated sign on the beaker of [[NO·1|Castelletto Ticino]]).
{{bibliography}}

Bats 1988

2011-09-26T13:39:46Z

David Stifter:

{{reference
|lexlep_sourcetype=pdf
|author=Michel Bats
|title=La logique de l'écriture d'une société à l'autre en Gaule méridionale protohistorique
|type_reference=historical study
|language=French
|journal=Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise
|issue=21
|journal_year=1988
|pages=121-148
|checklevel=1
|problem=read article, contains reference to inscription from Baou de St-Marcel on p. 141
}}

Isaac 2007

2011-08-19T18:52:41Z

David Stifter:

{{reference
|lexlep_sourcetype=book
|lexlep_shelfmark=Idg 26736
|author=Graham R. Isaac
|title=Studies in Celtic Sound Changes and their Chronology
|type_reference=linguistic study
|language=English
|city=Innsbruck
|publisher=Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, Bereich Sprachwissenschaft
|year=2007
|series=Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft
|series_number=127
|checklevel=0
}}

File:Stifter Review of Isaac 2007.pdf

2011-08-19T18:47:14Z

David Stifter:

Talk:TI·5

2011-06-09T20:52:16Z

David Stifter: /* Lesung */

== Lesung ==
*Dass in Solinas Lesung ''arimiai'' ein lat. '''M''' vorkommt, ist recht unwahrscheinlich. Das ergäbe nämlich etwa {{c||I}}{{c||A}}{{c||I}}{{c||M5}}{{c||I}}{{c||R}}{{c||A}} und hat (im Vergleich zu den uns zur Verfügung stehenden Abbildungen) einen senkrechten Strich '''zu viel'''. Ich vermute daher eher, dass Solinas etwas wie {{c||I}}{{c||A}}{{c||I}}{{c||M}}{{c||I}}{{c||R}}{{c||A}} liest, womit aber die ganze [[San]]-Diskussion für nichts wäre. --[[User:Martin Braun|Martin Braun]] 20:41, 9 June 2011 (CEST)
*Ich selbst habe auf der Seite zu [[Ś]] die Lesung ''ariśai'' abgelehnt, mit einigen expliziten Argumenten bezüglich den Buchstabenformen. Martins Einwurf bezüglich des überzähligen Strichs ist, jedenfalls bei den uns zur Verfügung stehenden Bildern, zutreffend. Aber kann Solinas wirklich {{c||I}}{{c||A}}{{c||I}}{{c||M}}{{c||I}}{{c||R}}{{c||A}} gemeint haben? Es ist bei den vorhandenen Abbildungen sehr schwer zu sagen, aber ich kann nur 2 "Zick-Zack"-Elemente im oberen Teil des Fähnchen-Ms erkennen. Mit zwei Elementen ist es aber nur ein [[N]], kein ''M''. Konsequenterweise hätte Solinas dann {{c||I}}{{c||A}}{{c||I}}{{c||N}}{{c||I}}{{c||R}}{{c||A}} ''ariniai'' lesen müssen. --[[User:David Stifter|David Stifter]] 22:49, 9 June 2011 (CEST)

Eska & Weiss 1996

2011-04-11T20:55:59Z

David Stifter:

{{reference
|lexlep_sourcetype=book, photocopy
|lexlep_shelfmark=UB I-710467/30.1996
|author=Joseph Francis Eska, Michael Weiss
|title=Segmenting Gaul. tomedeclai
|type_reference=linguistic study
|language=English
|journal=Studia Celtica
|issue=30
|journal_year=1996
|pages=289-292
|link_author=http://linguistics.cornell.edu/people/Weiss.cfm
|checklevel=1
|problem=Links, Commentary
}}

Cividate Camuno

2011-04-08T18:35:17Z

David Stifter:

{{site
|postal_code=I-25040
|name_alt=Hiidà
|province=Brescia
|region=Lombardia
|country=Italy
|coordinate_n=45.9434444
|coordinate_e=10.2786111
|website=http://www.cividatecamuno.gov.it/
|name_ancient=Civethate
|checklevel=0
}}

{{bibliography}}

Talk:Ligurian

2011-04-02T21:17:54Z

David Stifter:

Literatur
* Evtl. etwas bei Untermann, MLH II, §5.2, Anm. 63
* De Bernardo Stempel

Rix 1995

2011-03-17T10:44:09Z

David Stifter:

{{reference
|lexlep_sourcetype=book
|lexlep_shelfmark=Idg 20423/1 (Handapparat)
|author=Helmut Rix
|title=107. Die vorrömischen Personennamen der Randzonen des alten Italien
|type_reference=linguistic study
|language=German
|in_title=Eichler et al. 1995
|pages=732-738
|checklevel=1
}}
A brief survey of the naming traditions in the Messapic, Venetic Ligurian and Lepontic areas of ancient Italy.

Eichler et al. 1995

2011-03-17T10:40:36Z

David Stifter:

{{reference
|lexlep_sourcetype=book
|lexlep_shelfmark=Idg 20423/1 (Handapparat)
|author=Ernst Eichler, Gerold Hilty, Heinrich Löffler, Hugo Steger, Ladislav Zgusta
|author_info=(Eds.)
|title=Namenforschung
|subtitle=Ein internationales Handbuch zur Onomastik
|type_reference=collective volume
|language=English, French, German
|city=Berlin - New York
|publisher=Walter de Gruyter
|year=1995
|series=Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft
|series_number=11.1
|checklevel=0
}}

Property:fullpagename

2011-03-10T15:56:23Z

David Stifter:

{{property
|description=Specifies the full title of the page as it appears in the browser's URL box.
|type=Page
}}

Property:frame right

2011-03-10T15:52:28Z

David Stifter:

{{property
|description=Specifies the design of the right-hand side of a frame around an inscription.
|type=String
|allows value=none, straight, straight double, round, feet, circle, head, waisted head, stela head, unknown
}}
== Examples ==
Examples for right-hand side frame parts, all combined with straight left, top, and bottom frame lines:
{| class="table_lines"
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]]
| none
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_right_straight.png|x24px|baseline|straight]]
| straight
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_right_straight double.png|x24px|baseline|straight double]]
| straight double
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_right_round.png|x24px|baseline|round]]
| round
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_right_feet.png|x24px|baseline|feet]]
| feet
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_right_circle.png|x24px|baseline|circle]]
| circle
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_right_head.png|x24px|baseline|head]]
| head
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_right_waisted head.png|x24px|baseline|waisted head]]
| waisted head
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_right_stela head.png|x24px|baseline|stela head]]
| stela head
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]]?
| unknown
|}
== Statistics ==
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}

Property:frame left

2011-03-10T15:48:54Z

David Stifter:

{{property
|description=Specifies the design of the left-hand side of a frame around an inscription.
|type=String
|allows value=none, straight, straight double, round, feet, circle, head, waisted head, stela head, unknown
}}
See [[Property:frame_right]] for examples.
== Statistics ==
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}

Property:format

2011-03-10T15:48:01Z

David Stifter:

{{property
|description=Specifies the format of the image, i.e. the relative ratio of height to width.
|type=String
|allows value=upright, landscape
}}
== Statistics ==
{{property_statistics|File}}

Property:finder

2011-03-10T15:46:18Z

David Stifter:

{{property
|description=Specifies the name of the person who discovered the object or who led the excavators to where it was found.
|type=String
}}