Lexicon Leponticum - Recent changes [en]

Lexicon Leponticum - Recent changes [en] https://lexlep.univie.ac.at/wiki/Special:RecentChanges Track the most recent changes to the wiki in this feed. en MediaWiki 1.38.1 Sat, 24 Oct 2026 07:14:04 GMT TI·36.3 https://lexlep.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=TI%C2%B736.3&diff=32609&oldid=32589 https://lexlep.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=TI%C2%B736.3&diff=32609&oldid=32589 <p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:46, 20 October 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l39">Line 39:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Images in {{bib|Risch 1984}}: 27, Abb. 4 (drawing = {{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1585, fig. 2) and 33, Abb. 14 (photo = {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: tav. VIII B), {{bib|De Marinis & Motta 1991}}: 208, fig. 4 (drawing), '''{{bib|Solinas 1995}}: tav. LX b (photo)''', {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1997}}: fig. 6 (drawing).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Images in {{bib|Risch 1984}}: 27, Abb. 4 (drawing = {{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1585, fig. 2) and 33, Abb. 14 (photo = {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: tav. VIII B), {{bib|De Marinis & Motta 1991}}: 208, fig. 4 (drawing), '''{{bib|Solinas 1995}}: tav. LX b (photo)''', {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1997}}: fig. 6 (drawing).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The inscription on the back side of the stela was found by Risch or a member of the museum staff in the early 1980ies; it is much damaged, and the top of the frame is lost with a considerable spalling of the surface. The damage may be the consequence of an early immuration after its finding in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, but not at the Raetic Museum (see the object page)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. David Stifter (p.c.) suspects that the inscription was intentionally removed</del>. Risch in the first publication read ]{{c||N|d}}{{c||E|d}}{{c||separator2|d}}{{c||M4|d}}{{c||E|d}}{{c||T4|d}}{{c||A18}}{{c||L2|d}}{{c||U10|d}}{{c||I|d}}{{c||P|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c||L|d}}[ &nbsp;&nbsp; ]''ne metalui pal''[''a''], enclosed in a frame, with the last four letters small and misaligned (see the drawings above). He also saw the remains of two adjacent frames as on the front side, which had been effaced before the inscription was applied in its new frame.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The inscription on the back side of the stela was found by Risch or a member of the museum staff in the early 1980ies; it is much damaged, and the top of the frame is lost with a considerable spalling of the surface. The damage may be the consequence of an early immuration after its finding in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, but not at the Raetic Museum (see the object page). Risch in the first publication read ]{{c||N|d}}{{c||E|d}}{{c||separator2|d}}{{c||M4|d}}{{c||E|d}}{{c||T4|d}}{{c||A18}}{{c||L2|d}}{{c||U10|d}}{{c||I|d}}{{c||P|d}}{{c||A|d}}{{c||L|d}}[ &nbsp;&nbsp; ]''ne metalui pal''[''a''], enclosed in a frame, with the last four letters small and misaligned (see the drawings above). He also saw the remains of two adjacent frames as on the front side, which had been effaced before the inscription was applied in its new frame.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Unfortunately, it is difficult to verify some of Risch's conclusions, as the stone was put up with its back to a wall or glass case at both LexLep-related visits to the museum, so that the inscription could not be properly examined so far. Please note that the close-up photos above were taken at various angles due to the lack of space between the stone and the glass case, so that the letters are somewhat distorted. The drawing is based on the photo published in Risch 1984 for correct proportions, with details from our close-ups. The letters nu, mu, epsilon and tau as well as the separator are clearly legible; alpha, lambda, upsilon and iota can be made out reasonably well. At a little distance before nu, the upper part of a hasta plus downward bar can be made out, as reflected in the drawings of Risch and De Marinis (the latter made from the photo); the upper part of a hasta directly before nu appears to be a trick of the eye. The inscription's frame (ca. 14 cm broad) and to some extent the effaced frame lines can be seen well in the photograph published in 1989 (see above); Risch's {{w||pala}}, on the other hand, is hard to make out under the circumstances. {{w||pala}} would certainly be expected, though, to complete the typical Lepontic funerary formula indicated by the patronym {{w||metalui}} and the preceding individual name, both in the dative (see the word page for details). The latter form requires an omicron before nu, which cannot be confirmed epigraphically, but is at least possible. All in all, there is space for about 3–4 letters before nu (about 17 cm to the bottom line of the frame; the entire inscription was maybe about 76 cm in length judging by the frame).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Unfortunately, it is difficult to verify some of Risch's conclusions, as the stone was put up with its back to a wall or glass case at both LexLep-related visits to the museum, so that the inscription could not be properly examined so far. Please note that the close-up photos above were taken at various angles due to the lack of space between the stone and the glass case, so that the letters are somewhat distorted. The drawing is based on the photo published in Risch 1984 for correct proportions, with details from our close-ups. The letters nu, mu, epsilon and tau as well as the separator are clearly legible; alpha, lambda, upsilon and iota can be made out reasonably well. At a little distance before nu, the upper part of a hasta plus downward bar can be made out, as reflected in the drawings of Risch and De Marinis (the latter made from the photo); the upper part of a hasta directly before nu appears to be a trick of the eye. The inscription's frame (ca. 14 cm broad) and to some extent the effaced frame lines can be seen well in the photograph published in 1989 (see above); Risch's {{w||pala}}, on the other hand, is hard to make out under the circumstances. {{w||pala}} would certainly be expected, though, to complete the typical Lepontic funerary formula indicated by the patronym {{w||metalui}} and the preceding individual name, both in the dative (see the word page for details). The latter form requires an omicron before nu, which cannot be confirmed epigraphically, but is at least possible. All in all, there is space for about 3–4 letters before nu (about 17 cm to the bottom line of the frame; the entire inscription was maybe about 76 cm in length judging by the frame).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1581 and {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1997}}: 1007 f. consider TI·36.3 to be younger than the inscriptions on the front ([[TI·36.1]] and [[TI·36.2]]) because of the writing direction, while {{bib|De Marinis & Motta 1991}}: 206, 218 argue that TI·36.3 is older based on the frame shape (type B, closed at the bottom, 5<sup>th</sup>–early 4<sup>th</sup> century BC) and the form of alpha (thus also {{bib|Solinas 1995}}: 322, no. 3 and {{bib|Motta 2000}}: 200 f.); undecided {{bib|Piana Agostinetti 2004}}: 312 and {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: 539. While alpha is one of the more reliable indicators of palaeographical dating (but cf. the observations on [[TI·36.1]]), it appears here in a form with the bar rising in writing direction, which is untypical for the Lepontic alphabet; it indicates only that the inscription cannot be considerably younger that the ones on the front. The strongest arguments for a higher age of TI·36.3 are the shape of the frame according to De Marinis' typology, and {{c||T4|d}}, which is only otherwise attested in the archaic Prestino inscription, where it appears to be a simple graphic variant of tau (or theta) – though the letter is smaller in the present inscription, and it is not clear whether it may have a special function (see {{w||metalui}}). Inverted upsilon and mu {{c||M4|d}} with three bars are usually young, but are sporadically known from archaic inscriptions (cf. especially the stela inscriptions [[TI·34.1]] and [[TI·40]], also [[BG·1]]). Inverted lambda in the Lepontic alphabet appears to be a young phenomenon (secure attestations from the 2<sup>nd</sup> century onward). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>{{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1582 observes that lambda and upsilon might simply have been inscribed from from the other side, which is possible, but ad hoc.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) </del>The earliest Lepontic stela inscription with dextroverse writing otherwise known is [[TI·34]] (4<sup>th</sup> century). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">If the </del>inscription <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was deleted </del>intentionally, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this </del>act could stand in connection with a reuse of the stela and the application of [[TI·36.1]] and [[TI·36.2]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1581 and {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1997}}: 1007 f. consider TI·36.3 to be younger than the inscriptions on the front ([[TI·36.1]] and [[TI·36.2]]) because of the writing direction, while {{bib|De Marinis & Motta 1991}}: 206, 218 argue that TI·36.3 is older based on the frame shape (type B, closed at the bottom, 5<sup>th</sup>–early 4<sup>th</sup> century BC) and the form of alpha (thus also {{bib|Solinas 1995}}: 322, no. 3 and {{bib|Motta 2000}}: 200 f.); undecided {{bib|Piana Agostinetti 2004}}: 312 and {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: 539. While alpha is one of the more reliable indicators of palaeographical dating (but cf. the observations on [[TI·36.1]]), it appears here in a form with the bar rising in writing direction, which is untypical for the Lepontic alphabet; it indicates only that the inscription cannot be considerably younger that the ones on the front. The strongest arguments for a higher age of TI·36.3 are the shape of the frame according to De Marinis' typology, and {{c||T4|d}}, which is only otherwise attested in the archaic Prestino inscription, where it appears to be a simple graphic variant of tau (or theta) – though the letter is smaller in the present inscription, and it is not clear whether it may have a special function (see {{w||metalui}}). Inverted upsilon and mu {{c||M4|d}} with three bars are usually young, but are sporadically known from archaic inscriptions (cf. especially the stela inscriptions [[TI·34.1]] and [[TI·40]], also [[BG·1]]). Inverted lambda in the Lepontic alphabet appears to be a young phenomenon (secure attestations from the 2<sup>nd</sup> century onward). {{bib|Risch 1989}}: 1582 observes that lambda and upsilon might simply have been inscribed from from the other side, which is possible, but ad hoc. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In agreement, however, Stifter [p.c.], who notes that the inscription is one of the few dextroverse ones on stones from the Lugano area, and suggests that the mason may have noted the irregularity after alpha and changed the orientation to achieve the more regular writing direction halfway through the inscription. </ins>The earliest Lepontic stela inscription with dextroverse writing otherwise known is [[TI·34]] (4<sup>th</sup> century). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins>inscription <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">may have been </ins>intentionally <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">removed</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an </ins>act <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which </ins>could stand in connection with a reuse of the stela and the application of [[TI·36.1]] and [[TI·36.2]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, though arguably the letters could have been deleted more thoroughly if it had been on purpose</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The inscription is certainly unusual in terms of letter forms, most of the atypical ones ({{c||M4|d}}, {{c||A26|d}}, {{c||L2|d}}, {{c||U10|d}}) being more common in the east of the North Italic area, especially the Raetic Magrè alphabet.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The inscription is certainly unusual in terms of letter forms, most of the atypical ones ({{c||M4|d}}, {{c||A26|d}}, {{c||L2|d}}, {{c||U10|d}}) being more common in the east of the North Italic area, especially the Raetic Magrè alphabet.</div></td></tr> </table> Tue, 20 Oct 2026 15:46:56 GMT Corinna Salomon https://lexlep.univie.ac.at/wiki/Talk:TI%C2%B736.3