poininos: Difference between revisions
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== Commentary == | == Commentary == | ||
The theonym is attested at least three times at [[Carona]] ({{w||poinunei}} [different stem?], {{w||penini}}), and also known from numerous Latin inscriptions at the pass sanctuary on the Great St. Bernard, where (Iuppiter) Poeninos was worshipped in Roman times (see {{bib|Wiblé 2008}}). | The theonym is attested at least three times at [[Carona]] ({{w||poinunei}} [different stem?], {{w||penini}} [gen.?]), once in the Valais ({{w||poenino}} [dat.]), and also known from numerous Latin inscriptions at the pass sanctuary on the Great St. Bernard, where (Iuppiter) Poeninos was worshipped in Roman times (see {{bib|Wiblé 2008}}). | ||
The name of the Great St. Bernard, ''summus poeninus''/''alpis poenina'', was connected in antiquity and later (see {{bib|Wiblé 2008b}}: 25) with the ''poenī'' (Carthaginians) and Hannibal's passage through the Alps. This folk etymology is repudiated by Livy (XXI 38.6–9), who reports that the mountains are named after the deity whose sanctuary is situated on the pass summit. On the assumption that the Roman Iuppiter Poeninus is the result of interpretatio romana of a Celtic deity, {{bib|Zeuss 1837}}: 5, n. * suggested an etymology from PC *''k<sup>u̯</sup>enno''- 'head, top, summit': ''penn-īnos'' 'the high one' uel sim., which has been widely accepted. Original /{{p||e}}/ in the root is supported by the name of the Apennines, derived from the same root (see {{bib|Sims-Williams 2006}}: 98), and now also {{w||penini}} (and arguably abbreviated {{w||pe}}); see {{bib|Eska & Eska 2022}}: 163–165 (also, with counter-arguments, on an alternative etymology). The Latin variant with /{{p|o}}{{p|e}}/ and degeminated nasal would then be the result of the secondary association with the name of the Poenī (cf. {{bib|Motta 2010}}: 401 f., {{bib|Eska & Eska 2022}}: 163 f.). Uncertainty regarding the nature of the stem vowel on the part of the Romans who crossed the pass is indicated by some variation in the spelling: {{bib|Eska & Eska 2022}}: 162 count 26 instances of ''poenino'' beside one instance each of ''peonin''[''o''], ''phoeni''[''no''], ''poinino'', ''puoenin''|''o'', and ''py''|''nino''. The spellings with ⟨oi⟩ at Carona are explained as re-Celticised variants of the Latin name form ({{bib|Eska & Eska 2022}}: 164, n. 14). | The name of the Great St. Bernard, ''summus poeninus''/''alpis poenina'', was connected in antiquity and later (see {{bib|Wiblé 2008b}}: 25) with the ''poenī'' (Carthaginians) and Hannibal's passage through the Alps. This folk etymology is repudiated by Livy (XXI 38.6–9), who reports that the mountains are named after the deity whose sanctuary is situated on the pass summit. On the assumption that the Roman Iuppiter Poeninus is the result of interpretatio romana of a Celtic deity, {{bib|Zeuss 1837}}: 5, n. * suggested an etymology from PC *''k<sup>u̯</sup>enno''- 'head, top, summit': ''penn-īnos'' 'the high one' uel sim., which has been widely accepted. Original /{{p||e}}/ in the root is supported by the name of the Apennines, derived from the same root (see {{bib|Sims-Williams 2006}}: 98), and now also {{w||penini}} (and arguably abbreviated {{w||pe}}); see {{bib|Eska & Eska 2022}}: 163–165 (also, with counter-arguments, on an alternative etymology). The Latin variant with /{{p|o}}{{p|e}}/ and degeminated nasal would then be the result of the secondary association with the name of the Poenī (cf. {{bib|Motta 2010}}: 401 f., {{bib|Eska & Eska 2022}}: 163 f.). Uncertainty regarding the nature of the stem vowel on the part of the Romans who crossed the pass is indicated by some variation in the spelling: {{bib|Eska & Eska 2022}}: 162 count 26 instances of ''poenino'' beside one instance each of ''peonin''[''o''], ''phoeni''[''no''], ''poinino'', ''puoenin''|''o'', and ''py''|''nino''. The spellings with ⟨oi⟩ at Carona are explained as re-Celticised variants of the Latin name form ({{bib|Eska & Eska 2022}}: 164, n. 14). | ||
<p style="text-align:right;>[[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]]</p> | <p style="text-align:right;>[[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]]</p> | ||
{{bibliography}} | {{bibliography}} | ||
Revision as of 16:12, 5 July 2023
| Attestation: | BG·41.5 (ześu:poininos:kopenatis:tonoiso) (1) |
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| Language: | Celtic |
| Word Type: | proper noun |
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| Grammatical Categories: | nom. sg. masc. |
| Stem Class: | o |
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| Morphemic Analysis: | penn-īn-os |
| Phonemic Analysis: | /poinīnos/ |
| Meaning: | 'Poininos' |
Commentary
The theonym is attested at least three times at Carona (poinunei [different stem?], penini [gen.?]), once in the Valais (poenino [dat.]), and also known from numerous Latin inscriptions at the pass sanctuary on the Great St. Bernard, where (Iuppiter) Poeninos was worshipped in Roman times (see Wiblé 2008).
The name of the Great St. Bernard, summus poeninus/alpis poenina, was connected in antiquity and later (see Wiblé 2008b: 25) with the poenī (Carthaginians) and Hannibal's passage through the Alps. This folk etymology is repudiated by Livy (XXI 38.6–9), who reports that the mountains are named after the deity whose sanctuary is situated on the pass summit. On the assumption that the Roman Iuppiter Poeninus is the result of interpretatio romana of a Celtic deity, Zeuss 1837: 5, n. * suggested an etymology from PC *ku̯enno- 'head, top, summit': penn-īnos 'the high one' uel sim., which has been widely accepted. Original /e/ in the root is supported by the name of the Apennines, derived from the same root (see Sims-Williams 2006: 98), and now also penini (and arguably abbreviated pe); see Eska & Eska 2022: 163–165 (also, with counter-arguments, on an alternative etymology). The Latin variant with /oe/ and degeminated nasal would then be the result of the secondary association with the name of the Poenī (cf. Motta 2010: 401 f., Eska & Eska 2022: 163 f.). Uncertainty regarding the nature of the stem vowel on the part of the Romans who crossed the pass is indicated by some variation in the spelling: Eska & Eska 2022: 162 count 26 instances of poenino beside one instance each of peonin[o], phoeni[no], poinino, puoenin|o, and py|nino. The spellings with ⟨oi⟩ at Carona are explained as re-Celticised variants of the Latin name form (Eska & Eska 2022: 164, n. 14).
Bibliography
| Eska & Eska 2022 | Joseph F. Eska, Charlene M. Eska, "Epigraphic and linguistic observations on the inscription at the so-called Mur d'Hannibal (Liddes, Valais)", Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 69/1 (2022), 159–182. |
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