Morphological Lexicon

Below, you can find a comprehensive collection of all morphemes in inscriptions with relevance for the study of Cisalpine Celtic.
At the moment, there are 186 morphemes included in Lexicon Leponticum.
Note that stem vowels are registered as part of the inflectional endings or as separate composition vowels; lexical and derivational morphemes are listed without the stem vowels.
See Conventions and Abbreviations for transliteration conventions and Morphology for further information.

You may filter for:

• Morphemes classified as Lepontic (2)
• Morphemes classified as Cisalpine Gaulish (4)
• Morphemes classified as unspecified Celtic (171)
• Morphemes classified as Celtic (including Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish) (177)
• Non-Celtic morphemes (9)
• Lexical morphemes (125)
• Derivational morphemes (27)
• Inflectional morphemes (34)

Full list of morphemes contained in Lexicon Leponticum

Morpheme	Type	Meaning	Function	Language
-a-	derivational		composition vowel	Celtic
-ā	inflectional		nom. sg. (ā-stem)	Celtic
ađ-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
-ā-	derivational		composition vowel	Celtic
-ā (Lat.)	inflectional		nom. sg. (ā-stem)	Latin
ad-	lexical	'to; very'	intensifying	Celtic
ag-	lexical	'battle'; 'drive, lead'		Celtic
aged-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
-āi̯	inflectional		dat. sg. (ā-stem)	Celtic
ai̯u-	lexical	'lifeforce, lifetime'		Celtic
-āk-	derivational		adjectival (hypocoristic?, patronymic?)	Celtic
āk-	lexical	'fast'		Celtic
-al-	derivational		patronymic	Lepontic
-al- 2	derivational		unknown	unknown
alk-	lexical	'elk' (?)		Celtic
-ām	inflectional		acc. sg. (ā-stem)	Celtic
-am-	derivational		superlative	Celtic
ambi-	lexical	'around'		Celtic
an-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
an- (privative)	lexical		privative	Celtic
ande-	lexical	'(with)in, beneath; very' (?)		Celtic
are-	lexical	'in front, before, near, east of'		Celtic
art-	lexical	'bear'		Celtic
-ās	inflectional		gen. sg. (ā-stem)	Celtic
-at-	derivational		unknown	Celtic
ate-	lexical	'again; very'	intensifying	Celtic
ater-	lexical	'father'		Celtic
at(t)-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
au̯-	lexical	'grandson, descendant'		Celtic
banu̯-	lexical	'young pig'		Celtic
belg-	lexical	'proud / wrathful' (?)		Celtic
bii̯-	lexical	'striker'		Celtic
bir(r)-	lexical	'short' (?)		Celtic
bīt-	lexical	'struck'		Celtic
bit-	lexical	'world, age, life'		Celtic
biu̯-	lexical	'alive, vital'		Celtic
brīg-	lexical	'worth, honour'		Celtic
brig-	lexical	'height, mountain, fortress'		Celtic
brist-	lexical	'fight'		Celtic
brū-	lexical	uncertain		Celtic
brog-	lexical	'border, territory'		Celtic
buđ-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
bog-	lexical	'break'		Celtic
bou̯-	lexical	'cow, cattle'		Celtic
bou̯d-	lexical	'victory'		Celtic
dall-	lexical	'blind'		Celtic
dēu̯-	lexical	'god'		Celtic
dī-	lexical	'from'	privative, intensifying	Celtic
dubn-	lexical	'deep; world'		Celtic
dunn-	lexical	'brown'		Celtic
dūr-	lexical	'hard' ('long'?)		Celtic
dut-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
-e	inflectional		3rd person singular past	Celtic
-e-	derivational		composition vowel	Celtic
-ed-	derivational		unclear	Celtic
-ei̯	inflectional		dat. sg. (i-stem)	Celtic
-ek-	derivational			Celtic
el-	lexical	'many, much'		Celtic
-ē̆n-	derivational		unknown	Celtic
ep-	lexical	'horse'		Celtic
-eś	inflectional		acc. sg. (cons. stem)	Celtic
-et-	derivational		agentive	Celtic
ēt-	lexical	'meadow, pasture, (grazing) land'		Celtic
eχs-	lexical	'out of, without'		Celtic
gal-	lexical	'ability, strength, valour'		Celtic
galat-	lexical	'having ability, strength, valour'		Celtic
gi̯am-	lexical	'winter'		Celtic
gnāt-	lexical	'born', 'known'		Celtic
gon(n)-	lexical	'descendant, offspring' (?)		Celtic
-ī	inflectional		gen. sg. (o-stem)	Cisalpine Gaulish
-i-	derivational		composition vowel	Celtic
-ī (Lat.)	inflectional		gen. sg. (o-stem)	Latin
i̯ant-	lexical	'ambition, zeal' (?)		Celtic
-(i)i̯-	derivational		appositive, individualising, agentive, patronymic	Celtic
-ik-	derivational		hypocoristic (?)	Celtic
-ikn-	derivational		patronymic	Celtic
-il(l)-	derivational		diminutive (?)	Celtic
in-	lexical	'in'-		Celtic
-ī̆n-	derivational		adjectival	Celtic
-is	inflectional		nom. sg. (i-stem)	Celtic
-is (Lat.)	inflectional		gen. sg. (cons. stem)	Latin
-isam-	derivational		superlative	Celtic
-iss-	derivational		hypocoristic	Celtic
ist-	lexical		demonstrative pronoun	Celtic
i̯ou̯ink-	lexical	'young'		Celtic
kai̯-	lexical	unknown		unknown
kal-	lexical	'hard'		Celtic
kart-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
kass-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
kat-	lexical	'battle, fight'		Celtic
kīk-	lexical	'flesh, muscle'		Celtic
king-	lexical	'walk, stride'		Celtic
kint-	lexical	'first'		Celtic
klut-	lexical	'famous'		Celtic
kob-	lexical	'victory'		Celtic
koi̯l-	lexical	'meagre, spare'		Celtic
koi̯m-	lexical	'dear'		Celtic
kom-	lexical	'(together) with'		Celtic
kott-	lexical	'old'		Celtic
lān-	lexical	'plain'		Celtic
lāt-	lexical	'fury, heat' (?)		Celtic
leu̯k-	lexical	'bright, shining'		Celtic
lūt-	lexical	'power of movement, vigour' (?)		Celtic
mag-	lexical	'youth'		Celtic
mant-	lexical	'amount'		Celtic
mār-	lexical	'great'		Celtic
mat-	lexical	'good, fortunate, advantageous'		Celtic
medi̯-	lexical	'middle'		Celtic
mīn-	lexical	'mild, gentle'		Celtic
mokk-	lexical	'pig, boar'		Celtic
nant-	lexical	'valley'		Celtic
nem-	lexical	uncertain		Celtic
-nt-	derivational		present participle	Celtic
-ō	inflectional		nom. sg. (on-stem)	Latin
-om-	derivational			unknown
-onis	inflectional		gen. sg. (on-stem)	Latin
penn-	lexical	'head, top'		Celtic
pli-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
prit-	lexical	'form, shape, manner'		Celtic
pompe-	lexical	'five'		Celtic
-śo-	lexical	'it, them'	infixed pronoun	Cisalpine Gaulish
rat-	lexical	'favour, boon, fortune'		Celtic
ređ-	lexical	'attack' uel sim.		Celtic
rēd-	lexical	'riding, driving'		Celtic
rēm-	lexical	'prince'		Celtic
ret-	lexical	'run, race'		Celtic
rīg-	lexical	'ruler, king'		Celtic
rii̯-	lexical	'free'		Celtic
rit-	lexical	'course, race, attack?'		Celtic
rūn-	lexical	'secret'		Celtic
-s	inflectional		nom. sg. (cons. stem)	Celtic
-s (3pl.)	inflectional		3rd person plural	Celtic
seg-	lexical	'strength, victory'		Celtic
sent-	lexical	'path'		Celtic
set-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
sū̆r-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
sol(l)-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
-t	inflectional		preterite	Celtic
tal-	lexical	'front, forehead'		Celtic
teđ-	lexical	'heat, fire'		Celtic
tek-	lexical	'pretty'		Celtic
tengu̯-	lexical	'tongue'		Celtic
tep-	lexical	'run, flee'		Celtic
to-	inflectional			Celtic
tou̯t-	lexical	'crowd, people'; 'good, north, left, bad, magic'		Celtic
-u-	derivational		composition vowel	Celtic
-ū	inflectional		nom. sg. (on-stem)	Celtic
-ū (3sg.)	inflectional		3rd person singular past	Celtic
u̯ađ-	lexical	'servant'		Celtic
u̯al-	lexical	'ruler, prince'		Celtic
u̯allau̯n-	lexical	'ruler'		Celtic
u̯ē̆k-	lexical	unknown		Celtic
u̯en-	lexical	'family/clan member, friend'		Celtic
u̯er-	lexical	'over'	intensifying	Celtic
u̯es-	lexical	'worthy, excellent'		Celtic
u̯iđ-	lexical	'known, knowledge'		Celtic
-ūi̯	inflectional		dat. sg. (o-stem)	Celtic
u̯id-	lexical	'knowing' (?)		Celtic
u̯ik-	lexical	'fight'		Celtic
u̯imp-	lexical	'pretty'		Celtic
u̯īn-	lexical	'wine'		Celtic
u̯ind-	lexical	'bright, white, fair'		Celtic
u̯īs-	lexical	'worthy, noble'		Celtic
u̯īt-	lexical	'withe, willow'		Celtic
-uk-	derivational		hypocoristic (?)	Celtic
-ul(l)-	derivational		diminutive (?)	Celtic
u̯rīt-	lexical	'found'		Celtic
-us	inflectional		nom. sg. (u-stem)	Celtic
-us (Lat.)	inflectional		nom. sg. (o-stem)	Latin
u̯o-	lexical	'under'		Celtic
u̯olk-	lexical	'falcon'		Celtic
-o-	derivational		composition vowel	Celtic
obn-	lexical	'fear'		Celtic
-oi̯	inflectional		nom. pl. (o-stem)	Celtic
-oi̯so	inflectional		gen. sg. (o-stem)	Lepontic
oll-	lexical	'ample, big' (?)		Celtic
-om	inflectional		acc. sg. (o-stem)	Celtic
-om (n.)	inflectional	nom./acc. sg. (neut. o-stem)		Celtic
-on-	derivational		individualising	Celtic
-on	inflectional		nom. sg. (neut. o-stem)	Cisalpine Gaulish
-on (acc.sg.)	inflectional		acc. sg. (o-stem)	Cisalpine Gaulish
-onei̯	inflectional		dat. sg. (on-stem)	Celtic
-oni	inflectional		dat. sg. (on-stem)	Celtic
-onos	inflectional		gen. sg. (on-stem)	Celtic
-os	inflectional		nom. sg. (o-stem)	Celtic
-os (gen.sg.)	inflectional		gen. sg. (cons. stem)	Celtic

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