caledonos: Difference between revisions
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== Commentary == | == Commentary == | ||
Genitive of a Celtic ''on''-stem personal name ''kaledū'', which finds exact comparanda in Gaulish coin legends ({{bib|RIG}} M- | Genitive of a Celtic ''on''-stem personal name ''kaledū'' (cf. {{bib|Salomon 2023}}: 27), which finds exact comparanda in Gaulish coin legends ({{bib|RIG}} M-88–90, M-257 {{tr|lat|caledu}}, cf. also {{bib|CIL}} VIII 19745 {{tr|lat|caledia}}, and repeated ''caledō'' (see {{bib|Delamarre 2007}}: 214). The name is certainly connected with the ethnonym ''kaledones'', though the exact relationship – ''kaledones'' being simply the plural of ''kaledū'' without derivation suffix in either form – is unclear. There is general agreement that the base is {{m||kal-}} 'hard' as in *''kaleto''- 'id.', but – as asserted by {{bib|Zimmer 2006}}: 165 f. (pace {{bib|Luján 2003}}: 200) – ''kaled''- cannot be directly compared with ''kalet''-, which is formed with [[-et-|a different suffix]]; the second element/suffix -''ed''- has not been convincingly explained. The Latin attestations of the ethnonym show long /{{p||ē}}/ (''calēdones''), which cannot be etymological in Gaulish (where /{{p||ē}}/ > /{{p||ī}}/); Gaulish /{{p||ē}}/ could be < */{{p||ei̯}}/, but no such suffix is known. If /{{p||ē}}/ in Latin should be secondary in some way (though it is not evident how or why), the suffix can be the ubiquitous, but enigmatic {{m||-ed-}}. See the morpheme page on a potential connection with the suffix of Lat. ''calidus'' – it could be considered whether the root present in ''kaledū'', ''kaledones'' (and any of the unsuffixed bases ''kalo''- in Gaulish PNN) is not the same as in the Insular Celtic 'hard'-words, but *''k̑el''- 'warming', which is not lexically attested in Celtic. {{bib|Zimmer 2006}}: 165 f., who assumes that /{{p||ē}}/ is etymological and suggests that the Romans may have encountered the ethnonym before /{{p||ē}}/ > /{{p||ī}}/ (and the coin legends also reflect that state, or show influence from Latin?), proposes an analysis as a compound *''kal-pēd-h₃n''- 'hard-footed', but lengthened-grade is rare in *''ped''- as a second element in Celtic, and the absence of a stem vowel in the first element makes a compound unlikely. | ||
<p style="text-align:right;>[[User:David Stifter|David Stifter]], [[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]]</p> | <p style="text-align:right;>[[User:David Stifter|David Stifter]], [[User:Corinna Salomon|Corinna Salomon]]</p> | ||
{{bibliography}} | {{bibliography}} | ||
Latest revision as of 00:32, 24 January 2024
| Attestation: | MI·17 (caledonos) (1) |
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| Language: | Celtic |
| Word Type: | proper noun |
| Semantic Field: | personal name |
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| Grammatical Categories: | gen. sg. masc. |
| Stem Class: | on |
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| Morphemic Analysis: | kal-ed-onos (?) |
| Phonemic Analysis: | /kalēdonos/ |
| Meaning: | 'of Caledu' |
Commentary
Genitive of a Celtic on-stem personal name kaledū (cf. Salomon 2023: 27), which finds exact comparanda in Gaulish coin legends (RIG M-88–90, M-257 caledu, cf. also CIL VIII 19745 caledia, and repeated caledō (see Delamarre 2007: 214). The name is certainly connected with the ethnonym kaledones, though the exact relationship – kaledones being simply the plural of kaledū without derivation suffix in either form – is unclear. There is general agreement that the base is kal- 'hard' as in *kaleto- 'id.', but – as asserted by Zimmer 2006: 165 f. (pace Luján 2003: 200) – kaled- cannot be directly compared with kalet-, which is formed with a different suffix; the second element/suffix -ed- has not been convincingly explained. The Latin attestations of the ethnonym show long /ē/ (calēdones), which cannot be etymological in Gaulish (where /ē/ > /ī/); Gaulish /ē/ could be < */ei̯/, but no such suffix is known. If /ē/ in Latin should be secondary in some way (though it is not evident how or why), the suffix can be the ubiquitous, but enigmatic -ed-. See the morpheme page on a potential connection with the suffix of Lat. calidus – it could be considered whether the root present in kaledū, kaledones (and any of the unsuffixed bases kalo- in Gaulish PNN) is not the same as in the Insular Celtic 'hard'-words, but *k̑el- 'warming', which is not lexically attested in Celtic. Zimmer 2006: 165 f., who assumes that /ē/ is etymological and suggests that the Romans may have encountered the ethnonym before /ē/ > /ī/ (and the coin legends also reflect that state, or show influence from Latin?), proposes an analysis as a compound *kal-pēd-h₃n- 'hard-footed', but lengthened-grade is rare in *ped- as a second element in Celtic, and the absence of a stem vowel in the first element makes a compound unlikely.
David Stifter, Corinna Salomon
Bibliography
| CIL | Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. (17 volumes, various supplements) |
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| Delamarre 2007 | Xavier Delamarre, Noms de personnes celtiques dans l'épigraphie classique. Nomina Celtica Antiqua Selecta Inscriptionum, Paris: Errance 2007. |
