TI·43: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:41, 7 November 2024

Inscription
Reading in transliteration:	]ọni : kuimpaḷui : pạḷạ
Reading in original script:	]?
Variant reading:	]ọni : kuimitṛui : pạḷạ ]?

Object:	TI·43 Bioggio (stela)
Position:	front
Orientation:	90°
Frame:	? (left: unknown, middle: top and bottom, right: head)
Direction of writing:	dextroverse
Script:	North Italic script (Lepontic alphabet)
Letter height:	5–12 cm1.969 in <br />4.724 in <br />
Number of letters:	16
Number of words:	3
Number of lines:	1
Workmanship:	carved
Condition:	incomplete

Archaeological culture:	Golasecca III A, La Tène B, La Tène C
Date of inscription:	5^th–mid-2^rd c. BC

Type:	funerary
Language:	Celtic
Meaning:	'pala for °u, son of Kuimpos' (?)

Alternative sigla:	Morandi 2004: 300

Sources:	Morandi 2004: 717 f. no. 300

Images

Inscription TI·43 )ọni : kuimitrui : pạḷạ

Stela TI·43 Bioggio with inscription TI·43

Detail of inscription TI·43 with reading options

Commentary

First published in Solinas 2002: 484–486, no. 1. Examined for LexLep on 19^th October 2023.

Images in Solinas 2002: 484 (drawing), Morandi 2004: 720, fig. 39.300 (drawing) and 811, tav. XXXIV.300 (photo = [in colour] Wikipedia).

The fragment preserves the latter part of an inscription (length of the remains 100 cm) written running upward between frame lines (11.5–12.5 cm distance) which end in a stylised head without a neck; the bottom end of the frame is not preserved. The state of preservation of the letters is very good on the lower end (partly preserved omicron to mu), but deteriorates considerably toward the top. The letters are unequally spaced, with the engraver trying to save space around the problematic sequence after mu (see below), then filling out the rest of the frame comfortably with final pala, which is hardly legible (cf. Solinas 2002: 484). Omicron, whose second half only is preserved, is located in the lower part of the line, possibly under the bar(s) of the lost preceding letter? The first upsilon appears in a rare variant with the second line executed as a bar which meets the hasta at ca. a third of its height above the bottom line, cf. TI·35 and maybe TI·37.

Solinas' original reading ]oni:kui?eḳṛui:pala was improved by Morandi, who identified the group of lines after the second iota as a very generously carved mu, whose four bars are executed as two half-circles hanging from the top frame line, with a distance of 1.5 cm between them and 2.5 cm between the first and the letter's hasta – no other reading is feasible (cf. TI·34.3, TI·30 and again TI·37). For the sequence after mu, Morandi suggests itrui rather than ekrui. Epsilon and kappa are indeed impossible; rho is highly doubtful as well, as the putative hasta and curve could be imagined to touch at the bottom only if the hasta is curved as well, and do not touch at the top. kuimitrui stands out as the only preserved second part of a name formula on a pala-stela which is not derived with -al-, and a reading of the difficult sequence as palui may be feasible. The group of lines after mu can be read as pi and alpha rather than iota and somewhat wonky St Andrew's cross. The two putative hastae of alpha, however, do not touch at the top, and the bar of putative lambda is difficult to make out with certainty. The spelling ⟨mp⟩ should arguably be considered irregular; TI·36.2 piuotialui shows the non-spelling of ⁽*⁾/n/ before /t/ in the same linguistic subcorpus, but evidence for the labial cluster is absent throughout the Cisalpine Celtic corpus (see the discussion in Uhlich 2007: 382–405). pompeteχuaios is not decisive, as the attestation's epigraphic milieu is part-Venetic, but exceptions do occur (see The Cisalpine Celtic Languages). A reading kuimpalui is preferable from a linguistic standpoint; epigraphically, it is equally as problematic as kuimitrui (see the graphic above for a direct comparison; see also Salomon 2024: 28 f.). The forms of alpha in pala (Solinas: closed, Morandi: open) cannot be classified clearly.

If the reading kuimpalui is correct, the inscription contains the standard text formula of Ticino gravestones with the name of the deceased in the dative (lost on-stem individual name in -oni plus patronym in -al-) and pala. If the second name is kuimitrui (uel sim.), it constitutes an irregular feature (cf. maybe TI·38 uosiu(). Considering that kuimitrui finds no comparanda in Gaulish onomastics, the surname may be overall not Celtic; a Celtic analysis for kuimpos is possible. See the word pages for details.

Dating based on the shape of the anthropomorphic frame according to the typology of De Marinis & Motta 1991: 206 (type B).

Corinna Salomon

Bibliography

De Marinis & Motta 1991	Raffaele C. De Marinis, Filippo Motta, "Una nuova iscrizione lepontica su pietra da Mezzovico (Lugano)", Sibrium 21 (1990–1991), 201–225.

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 Images in {{bib|Solinas 2002}}: 484 (drawing), {{bib|Morandi 2004}}: 720, fig. 39.300 (drawing) and 811, tav. XXXIV.300 (photo = [in colour] [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bioggio_stele01_Ilario.jpg Wikipedia]).
-The fragment preserves the latter part of an inscription (length of the remains 100 cm) written running upward between frame lines (11.5–12.5 cm distance) which end in a stylised head without a neck; the bottom end of the frame is not preserved. The state of preservation of the letters is very good on the lower end (partly preserved omicron to mu), but deteriorates considerably toward the top. The letters are unequally spaced, with the engraver trying to save space around the problematic sequence after mu (see below), then filling out the rest of the frame comfortably with final ''pala'', which is hardly legible (cf. {{bib|Solinas 2002}}: 484). Omicron, whose second half only is preserved, is located in the lower part of the line, possibly under the bar(s) of the lost preceding letter? The first upsilon appears in a rare variant with the second line executed as a bar which meets the hasta at ca. a third of its height above the bottom line, cf. [[TI·35]] and maybe [[TI·37]]. Solinas' original reading ]''oni:kui''?''eḳṛui:pala'' was improved by Morandi, who identified the group of lines after the second iota as a very generously carved mu, whose four bars are executed as two half-circles hanging from the top frame line, with a distance of 1.5 cm between them and 2.5 cm between the first and the letter's hasta – no other reading is feasible (cf. [[TI·34.3]], [[TI·30]] and again [[TI·37]]). For the sequence after mu, Morandi suggests ''itrui'' rather than ''ekrui''. Epsilon and kappa are indeed impossible; rho is highly doubtful as well, as the putative hasta and curve could be imagined to touch at the bottom only if the hasta is curved as well, and do not touch at the top. {{w||kuimitrui}} stands out as the only preserved second part of a name formula on a ''pala''-stela which is not derived with {{m||-al-}}, and a reading of the difficult sequence as ''palui'' may be feasible. The group of lines after mu can be read as pi {{c||P|d}} and alpha {{c||A22|d}} rather than iota and somewhat wonky St Andrew's cross.The two putative hastae of alpha, however, do not touch at the top; /{{p||m}}/ should arguably not be written before a homorganic consonant, though the evidence for labial clusters is scarce. The forms of alpha in {{w||pala}} (Solinas: closed, Morandi: open) cannot be classified clearly. The bar of putative lambda {{c||L|d}} is difficult to make out with certainty. A reading {{w||kuimpalui}} is preferable from a linguistic standpoint; epigraphically, it is equally as problematic as {{w||kuimitrui}} (see the graphic above for a direct comparison). Whether the spelling of (*)/{{p||m}}/ before /{{p||p}}/ should be considered irregular is up for debate; while the non-spelling of (etymological) nasals before /{{p||t}}/ and /{{p||k}}/ suggests that it should, direct evidence for the cluster (*)/{{p||m}}{{p||p}}/ is absent ({{w||pompeteχuaios}} is not decisive, as the attestation's epigraphic milieu is part-Venetic), and exceptions do occur (see [[The Cisalpine Celtic Languages]]).
+The fragment preserves the latter part of an inscription (length of the remains 100 cm) written running upward between frame lines (11.5–12.5 cm distance) which end in a stylised head without a neck; the bottom end of the frame is not preserved. The state of preservation of the letters is very good on the lower end (partly preserved omicron to mu), but deteriorates considerably toward the top. The letters are unequally spaced, with the engraver trying to save space around the problematic sequence after mu (see below), then filling out the rest of the frame comfortably with final {{w||pala}}, which is hardly legible (cf. {{bib|Solinas 2002}}: 484). Omicron, whose second half only is preserved, is located in the lower part of the line, possibly under the bar(s) of the lost preceding letter? The first upsilon appears in a rare variant with the second line executed as a bar which meets the hasta at ca. a third of its height above the bottom line, cf. [[TI·35]] and maybe [[TI·37]].
+Solinas' original reading ]''oni:kui''?''eḳṛui:pala'' was improved by Morandi, who identified the group of lines after the second iota as a very generously carved mu, whose four bars are executed as two half-circles hanging from the top frame line, with a distance of 1.5 cm between them and 2.5 cm between the first and the letter's hasta – no other reading is feasible (cf. [[TI·34.3]], [[TI·30]] and again [[TI·37]]). For the sequence after mu, Morandi suggests ''itrui'' rather than ''ekrui''. Epsilon and kappa are indeed impossible; rho is highly doubtful as well, as the putative hasta and curve could be imagined to touch at the bottom only if the hasta is curved as well, and do not touch at the top. {{w||kuimitrui}} stands out as the only preserved second part of a name formula on a ''pala''-stela which is not derived with {{m||-al-}}, and a reading of the difficult sequence as ''palui'' may be feasible. The group of lines after mu can be read as pi {{c||P|d}} and alpha {{c||A22|d}} rather than iota and somewhat wonky St Andrew's cross. The two putative hastae of alpha, however, do not touch at the top, and the bar of putative lambda {{c||L|d}} is difficult to make out with certainty. The spelling ⟨mp⟩ should arguably be considered irregular; [[TI·36.2]] {{w||piuotialui}} shows the non-spelling of <sup>(</sup>*<sup>)</sup>/{{p||n}}/ before /{{p||t}}/ in the same linguistic subcorpus, but evidence for the labial cluster is absent throughout the Cisalpine Celtic corpus (see the discussion in {{bib|Uhlich 2007}}: 382–405). {{w||pompeteχuaios}} is not decisive, as the attestation's epigraphic milieu is part-Venetic, but exceptions do occur (see [[The Cisalpine Celtic Languages]]). A reading {{w||kuimpalui}} is preferable from a linguistic standpoint; epigraphically, it is equally as problematic as {{w||kuimitrui}} (see the graphic above for a direct comparison; see also {{bib|Salomon 2024}}: 28 f.). The forms of alpha in {{w||pala}} (Solinas: closed, Morandi: open) cannot be classified clearly.
 If the reading {{w||kuimpalui}} is correct, the inscription contains the standard text formula of Ticino gravestones with the name of the deceased in the dative (lost ''on''-stem individual name in {{m||-oni}} plus patronym in {{m||-al-}}) and {{w||pala}}. If the second name is {{w||kuimitrui}} (uel sim.), it constitutes an irregular feature (cf. maybe [[TI·38]] {{w||uosiu(}}). Considering that {{w||kuimitrui}} finds no comparanda in Gaulish onomastics, the surname may be overall not Celtic; a Celtic analysis for ''kuimpos'' is possible. See the word pages for details.

TI·43: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:41, 7 November 2024

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