Archaeological Overview

Archaeological phases	Dating	(Pre-)Historical context
Golasecca II A	beginning 6th cent. BC - 525	Golasecca Culture
Golasecca II B	525 - 480/75	"
Golasecca III A 1	480/75 - 450/440	"
Latène A = Golasecca III A 2-3	450 - 375	Gaulish Invasion into the Po valley (ca. 400 BC)
Latène B	375 - first half of 3rd cent. BC	"
Latène C 1	second half of 3rd cent. BC	"
Latène C 2	2nd cent. BC	Roman conquest of the gaulish tribes in Italy (since 225/191)
Latène D	end of 2nd cent. BC - 1st cent. BC	"

slightly simplified table from Uhlich 2007: 381, cp. Uhlich 1999: 292 f.

Archaeological evidence

Broader archaeological context: synopsis of archaeological phases in different regions

The Golasecca Culture

This list is not a comprehensive collection of relevant literature. It is a first result of the research work in progress.

• Pauli 1971, Pauli 1970-3
• De Marinis 1981
• De Marinis 1988: Bronze Age in northern Italy, Proto-Golasecca and expansion of Golasecca culture (pp. 159-169), ethnic groups in Golasecca Culture (pp. 169-175, bibliography: 245-246), Iron Age (pp. 175-244), Ligurians (pp. 248-259 "[…] esclude una netta contrapposizione tra Celti e Liguri dal punto di vista etnico-linguistico e depone a favore di una loro antica parallela." on p. 249)
• De Marinis 1991b
• Markey & Mees 2003: 122-124!!
• De Marinis & Biaggio Simona 2000: I 341-206
• Stöckli 1975: 53-55, figs. 51-53
• Negroni Catacchio 1975
• Violante 1993: 95-115 (material culture)

Lepontic, Lepontii and Golasecca Culture

• De Hoz 1992: 223-225, 229-234
• Meid 1999: v.a. 13
• Uhlich 2007: 378-381
• Uhlich 1999: 283-291
• Devoto 1956: 325-328 ("L'area dei Celti è perciò la sola dove le testimonianze archeologiche sono sovrabbondanti rispetto alle esigenze linguistiche." on p. 328)
• De Marinis 1988
• De Marinis 1991
• De Marinis & Motta 1990-1
• Motta 1992
• Frey 1995: 516
• De Marinis & Biaggio Simona 2000: I & II
• Bagnasco Gianni 1999 (Accoglienza della scrittura e calore del segno scritto, in Rassegna di Studi del Civico Museo Archeologico (...))
• Lejeune 1972 (term "Lepontic" and "Lepontii", difference between script, language and historical people, discussion; cf. Devoto 1972)
• Tibiletti Bruno 1978: 194-196
• Motta 1992: 312
• Strabon: 4.206 (Lepontii)
• Plinius NH: 3.136 (Lepontii)
• Piana Agostinetti 1988 (attempt of a definition of the Celtic civitates of the transpadanian region)
• Prosdocimi 1987b (transpadanian Etruscan culture)
• Solinas 2002b ("ethnical ideology" signs in Celtic epigraphies in the area of Verona)

Chronology of Cisalpine Celtic epigraphy

South of Lago Maggiore (Golasecca I C–II, 7^th–early 5^th century)

VA·31 Sesto Calende (Golasecca I C, third quarter of 7^th c.) [uncertain]
VA·3 Sesto Calende (G I C, second half of 7^th c.) [Etruscan?]
NO·29 Castelletto sopra Ticino (G I C–II A, 7^th–mid-6^th c.)
VA·4 Sesto Calende (G II A, early 6^th c.) [Etruscan?]
NO·1 Castelletto sopra Ticino (late G II A, second quarter of 6^th c.)
VA·5 Golasecca (G II B, second half of 6^th c.) [non-script?]
NO·3 Castelletto sopra Ticino (6^th–5^th c.)
VA·6 Vergiate (G II, late 6^th–early 5^th c.)
VA·32 Golasecca (G II B, late 6^th–early 5^th c.) [non-script?]

Early outliers (Golasecca II B–III A 1, second half of 6^th–5^th century)

JU·1 Montmorot (Hallstatt D, second half of 6^th c) [Etruscan?]
TI·1 Gudo (G II B, late 6^th c.) [non-script?]
NO·22 San Bernardino di Briona (G II–III A 1, late 6^th–early 5^th c.) [non-Celtic?]

Como (Golasecca II B–III A, late 6^th into 4^th century)

CO·47 Breccia (G II, 6^th c)
CO·48 Prestino (late 6^th–early 5^th c.)
CO·56 Prestino (early 5^th c.)
etc.

Bergamo area (Golasecca III A, 5^th into 4^th century)

BG·15 Parre (5^th c. (?))
BG·18 Parre (5^th c. (?))
BG·20 Capriate San Gervasio (G III A, 5^th c.)
BG·43 Bergamo (5^th c. (?))
BG·45 Bergamo (5^th–early 4^th c.)

Lugano stelae (Golasecca III A–?, 5^th century – ?)

TI·27 Mezzovico-Vira (G III A, 5^th–early 4^th c.)
TI·36 Davesco (G III A, 5^th–early 4^th c.)
TI·43 Bioggio (G III A, 5^th–early 4^th c.)

Chronological map of inscription groups (wip)

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Images

Map showing the distribution of stela finds in the Lunigiana

Map of Lepontic sites in Northern Italy as shown in Morandi 2004

Overview Pages:
Archaeological Overview I Cisalpine Celtic I Historical Overview I Inscriptions of doubtful relevance I Morphology I North Italic Script I Numismatics I Onomastics I Phonology